# Diagonalization-eye-catch

• Orthogonal Nonzero Vectors Are Linearly Independent Let $S=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \dots, \mathbf{v}_k\}$ be a set of nonzero vectors in $\R^n$. Suppose that $S$ is an orthogonal set. (a) Show that $S$ is linearly independent. (b) If $k=n$, then prove that $S$ is a basis for $\R^n$.   Proof. (a) […]
• The Group of Rational Numbers is Not Finitely Generated (a) Prove that the additive group $\Q=(\Q, +)$ of rational numbers is not finitely generated. (b) Prove that the multiplicative group $\Q^*=(\Q\setminus\{0\}, \times)$ of nonzero rational numbers is not finitely generated.   Proof. (a) Prove that the additive […]
• A Relation of Nonzero Row Vectors and Column Vectors Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Suppose that $\mathbf{y}$ is a nonzero row vector such that $\mathbf{y}A=\mathbf{y}.$ (Here a row vector means a $1\times n$ matrix.) Prove that there is a nonzero column vector $\mathbf{x}$ such that $A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{x}.$ (Here a […]
• Prime Ideal is Irreducible in a Commutative Ring Let $R$ be a commutative ring. An ideal $I$ of $R$ is said to be irreducible if it cannot be written as an intersection of two ideals of $R$ which are strictly larger than $I$. Prove that if $\frakp$ is a prime ideal of the commutative ring $R$, then $\frakp$ is […]
• Determine a Value of Linear Transformation From $\R^3$ to $\R^2$ Let $T$ be a linear transformation from $\R^3$ to $\R^2$ such that \[ T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}\,\right) =\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and }T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 […]
• There is at Least One Real Eigenvalue of an Odd Real Matrix Let $n$ be an odd integer and let $A$ be an $n\times n$ real matrix. Prove that the matrix $A$ has at least one real eigenvalue.   We give two proofs. Proof 1. Let $p(t)=\det(A-tI)$ be the characteristic polynomial of the matrix $A$. It is a degree $n$ […]
• Determine Whether Trigonometry Functions $\sin^2(x), \cos^2(x), 1$ are Linearly Independent or Dependent Let $f(x)=\sin^2(x)$, $g(x)=\cos^2(x)$, and $h(x)=1$. These are vectors in $C[-1, 1]$. Determine whether the set $\{f(x), \, g(x), \, h(x)\}$ is linearly dependent or linearly independent. (The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Midterm Exam […]
• Torsion Subgroup of an Abelian Group, Quotient is a Torsion-Free Abelian Group Let $A$ be an abelian group and let $T(A)$ denote the set of elements of $A$ that have finite order. (a) Prove that $T(A)$ is a subgroup of $A$. (The subgroup $T(A)$ is called the torsion subgroup of the abelian group $A$ and elements of $T(A)$ are called torsion […]