# Tagged: basis

## Problem 541

Let $U$ and $V$ be finite dimensional vector spaces over a scalar field $\F$.
Consider a linear transformation $T:U\to V$.

Prove that if $\dim(U) > \dim(V)$, then $T$ cannot be injective (one-to-one).

## Problem 481

Let $P_2$ be the vector space of all polynomials with real coefficients of degree $2$ or less.
Let $S=\{p_1(x), p_2(x), p_3(x), p_4(x)\}$, where
\begin{align*}
\end{align*}

(a) Find a basis of $P_2$ among the vectors of $S$. (Explain why it is a basis of $P_2$.)

(b) Let $B’$ be the basis you obtained in part (a).
For each vector of $S$ which is not in $B’$, find the coordinate vector of it with respect to the basis $B’$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 478

Let $T:\R^2 \to \R^3$ be a linear transformation given by
$T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix} \,\right) = \begin{bmatrix} x_1-x_2 \\ x_2 \\ x_1+ x_2 \end{bmatrix}.$ Find an orthonormal basis of the range of $T$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 476

Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ -1 &4 &1 \\ 2 & -4 & 0 \end{bmatrix}.$ The matrix $A$ has an eigenvalue $2$.
Find a basis of the eigenspace $E_2$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $2$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 454

Determine all linear transformations of the $2$-dimensional $x$-$y$ plane $\R^2$ that take the line $y=x$ to the line $y=-x$.

## Problem 450

Let $\mathbf{u}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ and $T:\R^3 \to \R^3$ be the linear transformation
$T(\mathbf{x})=\proj_{\mathbf{u}}\mathbf{x}=\left(\, \frac{\mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{x}}{\mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{u}} \,\right)\mathbf{u}.$

(a) Calculate the null space $\calN(T)$, a basis for $\calN(T)$ and nullity of $T$.

(b) Only by using part (a) and no other calculations, find $\det(A)$, where $A$ is the matrix representation of $T$ with respect to the standard basis of $\R^3$.

(c) Calculate the range $\calR(T)$, a basis for $\calR(T)$ and the rank of $T$.

(d) Calculate the matrix $A$ representing $T$ with respect to the standard basis for $\R^3$.

(e) Let
$B=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} -1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \,\right\}$ be a basis for $\R^3$.
Calculate the coordinates of $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}$ with respect to $B$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 440

Let $U$ and $V$ be finite dimensional subspaces in a vector space over a scalar field $K$.
Then prove that
$\dim(U+V) \leq \dim(U)+\dim(V).$

## Problem 435

Let $\calF[0, 2\pi]$ be the vector space of all real valued functions defined on the interval $[0, 2\pi]$.
Define the map $f:\R^2 \to \calF[0, 2\pi]$ by
$\left(\, f\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} \alpha \\ \beta \end{bmatrix} \,\right) \,\right)(x):=\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x.$ We put
$V:=\im f=\{\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x \in \calF[0, 2\pi] \mid \alpha, \beta \in \R\}.$

(a) Prove that the map $f$ is a linear transformation.

(b) Prove that the set $\{\cos x, \sin x\}$ is a basis of the vector space $V$.

(c) Prove that the kernel is trivial, that is, $\ker f=\{\mathbf{0}\}$.
(This yields an isomorphism of $\R^2$ and $V$.)

(d) Define a map $g:V \to V$ by
$g(\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x):=\frac{d}{dx}(\alpha \cos x+ \beta \sin x)=\beta \cos x -\alpha \sin x.$ Prove that the map $g$ is a linear transformation.

(e) Find the matrix representation of the linear transformation $g$ with respect to the basis $\{\cos x, \sin x\}$.

(Kyoto University, Linear Algebra exam problem)

## Problem 375

Let $n>1$ be a positive integer. Let $V=M_{n\times n}(\C)$ be the vector space over the complex numbers $\C$ consisting of all complex $n\times n$ matrices. The dimension of $V$ is $n^2$.
Let $A \in V$ and consider the set
$S_A=\{I=A^0, A, A^2, \dots, A^{n^2-1}\}$ of $n^2$ elements.
Prove that the set $S_A$ cannot be a basis of the vector space $V$ for any $A\in V$.

## Problem 366

Let $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 &1 &0 \end{bmatrix}$.

(a) Find an orthonormal basis of the null space of $A$.

(b) Find the rank of $A$.

(c) Find an orthonormal basis of the row space of $A$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 356

(a) Let $S=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ be the set of the following vectors in $\R^4$.
$\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}.$ Find an orthogonal basis of the subspace $\Span(S)$ of $\R^4$.

(b) Let $T:\R^2 \to \R^3$ be a linear transformation such that
$T(\mathbf{e}_1)=\mathbf{u}_1 \text{ and } T(\mathbf{e}_2)=\mathbf{u}_2,$ where $\{\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_2\}$ is the standard unit vectors of $\R^2$ and
$\mathbf{u}_1=\begin{bmatrix} 5 \\ 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{u}_2=\begin{bmatrix} 8 \\ 2 \\ 6 \end{bmatrix}.$ Then find
$T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} 3 \\ -2 \end{bmatrix} \,\right).$

## Problem 353

Suppose that $T: \R^2 \to \R^3$ is a linear transformation satisfying
$T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix}\,\right)=\begin{bmatrix} 3 \\ 4 \\ 5 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \,\right)=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ Find a general formula for
$T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \end{bmatrix} \,\right).$

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Math 2568 Exam Problem)

## Problem 352

A hyperplane in $n$-dimensional vector space $\R^n$ is defined to be the set of vectors
$\begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{bmatrix}\in \R^n$ satisfying the linear equation of the form
$a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=b,$ where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ (at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero) and $b$ are real numbers.
Here at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero.

Consider the hyperplane $P$ in $\R^n$ described by the linear equation
$a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=0,$ where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ are some fixed real numbers and not all of these are zero.
(The constant term $b$ is zero.)

Then prove that the hyperplane $P$ is a subspace of $R^{n}$ of dimension $n-1$.

## Problem 350

Let $V$ be a vector space over $\R$ and let $B$ be a basis of $V$.
Let $S=\{v_1, v_2, v_3\}$ be a set of vectors in $V$. If the coordinate vectors of these vectors with respect to the basis $B$ is given as follows, then find the dimension of $V$ and the dimension of the span of $S$.
$[v_1]_B=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, [v_2]_B=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, [v_3]_B=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}.$

## Problem 349

Let $V$ be the vector space of all $2\times 2$ real matrices.
Let $S=\{A_1, A_2, A_3, A_4\}$, where
$A_1=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2\\ -1& 3 \end{bmatrix}, A_2=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1\\ 1& 4 \end{bmatrix}, A_3=\begin{bmatrix} -1 & 0\\ 1& -10 \end{bmatrix}, A_4=\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 7\\ -2& 6 \end{bmatrix}.$ Then find a basis for the span $\Span(S)$.

## Problem 348

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ complex matrix.
Let $p(x)=\det(xI-A)$ be the characteristic polynomial of $A$ and write it as
$p(x)=x^n+a_{n-1}x^{n-1}+\cdots+a_1x+a_0,$ where $a_i$ are real numbers.

Let $C$ be the companion matrix of the polynomial $p(x)$ given by
$C=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & \dots & 0 &-a_0 \\ 1 & 0 & \dots & 0 & -a_1 \\ 0 & 1 & \dots & 0 & -a_2 \\ \vdots & & \ddots & & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \dots & 1 & -a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}= [\mathbf{e}_2, \mathbf{e}_3, \dots, \mathbf{e}_n, -\mathbf{a}],$ where $\mathbf{e}_i$ is the unit vector in $\C^n$ whose $i$-th entry is $1$ and zero elsewhere, and the vector $\mathbf{a}$ is defined by
$\mathbf{a}=\begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}.$

Then prove that the following two statements are equivalent.

1. There exists a vector $\mathbf{v}\in \C^n$ such that
$\mathbf{v}, A\mathbf{v}, A^2\mathbf{v}, \dots, A^{n-1}\mathbf{v}$ form a basis of $\C^n$.
2. There exists an invertible matrix $S$ such that $S^{-1}AS=C$.
(Namely, $A$ is similar to the companion matrix of its characteristic polynomial.)

## Problem 339

Let $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ be a basis of the vector space $\R^2$, where
$\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \end{bmatrix}.$ The action of a linear transformation $T:\R^2\to \R^3$ on the basis $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ is given by
\begin{align*}
T(\mathbf{v}_1)=\begin{bmatrix}
2 \\
4 \\
6
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } T(\mathbf{v}_2)=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
8 \\
10
\end{bmatrix}.
\end{align*}

Find the formula of $T(\mathbf{x})$, where
$\mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \end{bmatrix}\in \R^2.$

## Problem 329

Let $n$ be a positive integer. Let $T:\R^n \to \R$ be a non-zero linear transformation.
Prove the followings.

(a) The nullity of $T$ is $n-1$. That is, the dimension of the kernel of $T$ is $n-1$.
(The kernel of $T$ is also called the null space of $T$.)

(b) Let $B=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_{n-1}\}$ be a basis of the kernel $\ker(T)$ of $T$.
Let $\mathbf{w}$ be the $n$-dimensional vector that is not in $\ker(T)$. Then
$B’=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_{n-1}, \mathbf{w}\}$ is a basis of $\R^n$.

(c) Each vector $\mathbf{u}\in \R^n$ can be expressed as
$\mathbf{u}=\mathbf{v}+\frac{T(\mathbf{u})}{T(\mathbf{w})}\mathbf{w}$ for some vector $\mathbf{v}\in \ker(T)$.

## Problem 327

Let $A$ be the matrix for a linear transformation $T:\R^n \to \R^n$ with respect to the standard basis of $\R^n$.
We assume that $A$ is idempotent, that is, $A^2=A$.
Then prove that
$\R^n=\im(T) \oplus \ker(T).$

## Problem 324

Let $T$ be the linear transformation from the $3$-dimensional vector space $\R^3$ to $\R^3$ itself satisfying the following relations.
\begin{align*}
T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
1 \\
1
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)
=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0 \\
1
2 \\
3 \\
5
\end{bmatrix} \, \right) =
\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
2 \\
-1
$\mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}\in \R^3,$ find the formula for $T(\mathbf{x})$.