Tagged: diagonal matrix

The Matrix Exponential of a Diagonal Matrix

Problem 681

For a square matrix $M$, its matrix exponential is defined by
\[e^M = \sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{M^k}{k!}.\]

Suppose that $M$ is a diagonal matrix
\[ M = \begin{bmatrix} m_{1 1} & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & m_{2 2} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & m_{3 3} & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & m_{n n} \end{bmatrix}.\]

Find the matrix exponential $e^M$.

 
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Diagonalize the $2\times 2$ Hermitian Matrix by a Unitary Matrix

Problem 585

Consider the Hermitian matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & i\\
-i& 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]

(a) Find the eigenvalues of $A$.

(b) For each eigenvalue of $A$, find the eigenvectors.

(c) Diagonalize the Hermitian matrix $A$ by a unitary matrix. Namely, find a diagonal matrix $D$ and a unitary matrix $U$ such that $U^{-1}AU=D$.

 
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Diagonalize the Upper Triangular Matrix and Find the Power of the Matrix

Problem 583

Consider the $2\times 2$ complex matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
a & b-a\\
0& b
\end{bmatrix}.\]

(a) Find the eigenvalues of $A$.

(b) For each eigenvalue of $A$, determine the eigenvectors.

(c) Diagonalize the matrix $A$.

(d) Using the result of the diagonalization, compute and simplify $A^k$ for each positive integer $k$.

 
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Diagonalize the Complex Symmetric 3 by 3 Matrix with $\sin x$ and $\cos x$

Problem 533

Consider the complex matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
\sqrt{2}\cos x & i \sin x & 0 \\
i \sin x &0 &-i \sin x \\
0 & -i \sin x & -\sqrt{2} \cos x
\end{bmatrix},\] where $x$ is a real number between $0$ and $2\pi$.

Determine for which values of $x$ the matrix $A$ is diagonalizable.
When $A$ is diagonalizable, find a diagonal matrix $D$ so that $P^{-1}AP=D$ for some nonsingular matrix $P$.

 
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A Matrix Commuting With a Diagonal Matrix with Distinct Entries is Diagonal

Problem 492

Let
\[D=\begin{bmatrix}
d_1 & 0 & \dots & 0 \\
0 &d_2 & \dots & 0 \\
\vdots & & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & \dots & d_n
\end{bmatrix}\] be a diagonal matrix with distinct diagonal entries: $d_i\neq d_j$ if $i\neq j$.
Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n\times n$ matrix such that $A$ commutes with $D$, that is,
\[AD=DA.\] Then prove that $A$ is a diagonal matrix.

 
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If Two Matrices Have the Same Eigenvalues with Linearly Independent Eigenvectors, then They Are Equal

Problem 424

Let $A$ and $B$ be $n\times n$ matrices.
Suppose that $A$ and $B$ have the same eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n$ with the same corresponding eigenvectors $\mathbf{x}_1, \dots, \mathbf{x}_n$.
Prove that if the eigenvectors $\mathbf{x}_1, \dots, \mathbf{x}_n$ are linearly independent, then $A=B$.

 
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Quiz 13 (Part 1) Diagonalize a Matrix

Problem 385

Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1 & -1 \\
-1 &2 &-1 \\
-1 & -1 & 2
\end{bmatrix}.\] Determine whether the matrix $A$ is diagonalizable. If it is diagonalizable, then diagonalize $A$.
That is, find a nonsingular matrix $S$ and a diagonal matrix $D$ such that $S^{-1}AS=D$.

 
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Quiz 11. Find Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors/ Properties of Determinants

Problem 363

(a) Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
3 & -2\\
6& -4
\end{bmatrix}.\]

(b) Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 3 \\
4 &5 &6 \\
7 & 0 & 9
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } B=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 3 &0 \\
0 & 0 & 4
\end{bmatrix}.\] Then find the value of
\[\det(A^2B^{-1}A^{-2}B^2).\] (For part (b) without computation, you may assume that $A$ and $B$ are invertible matrices.)

 
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Normal Nilpotent Matrix is Zero Matrix

Problem 336

A complex square ($n\times n$) matrix $A$ is called normal if
\[A^* A=A A^*,\] where $A^*$ denotes the conjugate transpose of $A$, that is $A^*=\bar{A}^{\trans}$.
A matrix $A$ is said to be nilpotent if there exists a positive integer $k$ such that $A^k$ is the zero matrix.

(a) Prove that if $A$ is both normal and nilpotent, then $A$ is the zero matrix.
You may use the fact that every normal matrix is diagonalizable.

(b) Give a proof of (a) without referring to eigenvalues and diagonalization.

(c) Let $A, B$ be $n\times n$ complex matrices. Prove that if $A$ is normal and $B$ is nilpotent such that $A+B=I$, then $A=I$, where $I$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix.

 
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Basis with Respect to Which the Matrix for Linear Transformation is Diagonal

Problem 315

Let $P_1$ be the vector space of all real polynomials of degree $1$ or less. Consider the linear transformation $T: P_1 \to P_1$ defined by
\[T(ax+b)=(3a+b)x+a+3,\] for any $ax+b\in P_1$.

(a) With respect to the basis $B=\{1, x\}$, find the matrix of the linear transformation $T$.

(b) Find a basis $B’$ of the vector space $P_1$ such that the matrix of $T$ with respect to $B’$ is a diagonal matrix.

(c) Express $f(x)=5x+3$ as a linear combination of basis vectors of $B’$.

 
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Matrix of Linear Transformation with respect to a Basis Consisting of Eigenvectors

Problem 314

Let $T$ be the linear transformation from the vector space $\R^2$ to $\R^2$ itself given by
\[T\left( \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2
\end{bmatrix} \right)= \begin{bmatrix}
3x_1+x_2 \\
x_1+3x_2
\end{bmatrix}.\]

(a) Verify that the vectors
\[\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
-1
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}\] are eigenvectors of the linear transformation $T$, and conclude that $B=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ is a basis of $\R^2$ consisting of eigenvectors.

(b) Find the matrix of $T$ with respect to the basis $B=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$.

 
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Basis For Subspace Consisting of Matrices Commute With a Given Diagonal Matrix

Problem 287

Let $V$ be the vector space of all $3\times 3$ real matrices.
Let $A$ be the matrix given below and we define
\[W=\{M\in V \mid AM=MA\}.\] That is, $W$ consists of matrices that commute with $A$.
Then $W$ is a subspace of $V$.

Determine which matrices are in the subspace $W$ and find the dimension of $W$.

(a) \[A=\begin{bmatrix}
a & 0 & 0 \\
0 &b &0 \\
0 & 0 & c
\end{bmatrix},\] where $a, b, c$ are distinct real numbers.

(b) \[A=\begin{bmatrix}
a & 0 & 0 \\
0 &a &0 \\
0 & 0 & b
\end{bmatrix},\] where $a, b$ are distinct real numbers.

 
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