Eigenvalues of a Stochastic Matrix is Always Less than or Equal to 1
Problem 185
Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n \times n$ matrix.
We say that $A=(a_{ij})$ is a right stochastic matrix if each entry $a_{ij}$ is nonnegative and the sum of the entries of each row is $1$. That is, we have
\[a_{ij}\geq 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad a_{i1}+a_{i2}+\cdots+a_{in}=1\]
for $1 \leq i, j \leq n$.
Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n\times n$ right stochastic matrix. Then show the following statements.
(a)The stochastic matrix $A$ has an eigenvalue $1$.
(b) The absolute value of any eigenvalue of the stochastic matrix $A$ is less than or equal to $1$.
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