# Category: Group Theory

## Problem 493

Let $G$ be a finite group and let $A, B$ be subsets of $G$ satisfying
$|A|+|B| > |G|.$ Here $|X|$ denotes the cardinality (the number of elements) of the set $X$.
Then prove that $G=AB$, where
$AB=\{ab \mid a\in A, b\in B\}.$

## Problem 490

Let $G, H, K$ be groups. Let $f:G\to K$ be a group homomorphism and let $\pi:G\to H$ be a surjective group homomorphism such that the kernel of $\pi$ is included in the kernel of $f$: $\ker(\pi) \subset \ker(f)$.

Define a map $\bar{f}:H\to K$ as follows.
For each $h\in H$, there exists $g\in G$ such that $\pi(g)=h$ since $\pi:G\to H$ is surjective.
Define $\bar{f}:H\to K$ by $\bar{f}(h)=f(g)$.

(a) Prove that the map $\bar{f}:H\to K$ is well-defined.

(b) Prove that $\bar{f}:H\to K$ is a group homomorphism.

## Problem 488

Let $G$ be a finite group and let $S$ be a non-empty set.
Suppose that $G$ acts on $S$ freely and transitively.
Prove that $|G|=|S|$. That is, the number of elements in $G$ and $S$ are the same.

## Problem 474

Prove that every finite group of order $72$ is not a simple group.

## Problem 470

Let $G$ be a finite group of order $p^n$, where $p$ is a prime number and $n$ is a positive integer.
Suppose that $H$ is a subgroup of $G$ with index $[G:P]=p$.
Then prove that $H$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.

(Michigan State University, Abstract Algebra Qualifying Exam)

## Problem 469

Let $H$ be a subgroup of a group $G$.
Suppose that for each element $x\in G$, we have $x^2\in H$.

Then prove that $H$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.

(Purdue University, Abstract Algebra Qualifying Exam)

## Problem 467

Give an example of two groups $G$ and $H$ and a subgroup $K$ of the direct product $G\times H$ such that $K$ cannot be written as $K=G_1\times H_1$, where $G_1$ and $H_1$ are subgroups of $G$ and $H$, respectively.

## Problem 465

Prove that the symmetric group $S_n$, $n\geq 3$ is a semi-direct product of the alternating group $A_n$ and the subgroup $\langle(1,2) \rangle$ generated by the element $(1,2)$.

## Problem 464

Let $G$ be a finite group of order $231=3\cdot 7 \cdot 11$.
Prove that every Sylow $11$-subgroup of $G$ is contained in the center $Z(G)$.

## Problem 462

Prove that every group of order $20449$ is an abelian group.

## Problem 461

(a) Prove that the additive group $\Q=(\Q, +)$ of rational numbers is not finitely generated.

(b) Prove that the multiplicative group $\Q^*=(\Q\setminus\{0\}, \times)$ of nonzero rational numbers is not finitely generated.

## Problem 460

Let $\Q=(\Q, +)$ be the additive group of rational numbers.

(a) Prove that every finitely generated subgroup of $(\Q, +)$ is cyclic.

(b) Prove that $\Q$ and $\Q \times \Q$ are not isomorphic as groups.

## Problem 458

Let $G$ be a finite group of order $217$.

(a) Prove that $G$ is a cyclic group.

(b) Determine the number of generators of the group $G$.

## Problem 455

Let $G$ be a finite group.
The centralizer of an element $a$ of $G$ is defined to be
$C_G(a)=\{g\in G \mid ga=ag\}.$

A conjugacy class is a set of the form
$\Cl(a)=\{bab^{-1} \mid b\in G\}$ for some $a\in G$.

(a) Prove that the centralizer of an element of $a$ in $G$ is a subgroup of the group $G$.

(b) Prove that the order (the number of elements) of every conjugacy class in $G$ divides the order of the group $G$.

## Problem 448

Let $G$ be a group. Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$.
The product of $H$ and $N$ is defined to be the subset
$H\cdot N=\{hn\in G\mid h \in H, n\in N\}.$ Prove that the product $H\cdot N$ is a subgroup of $G$.

## Problem 445

Let $G$ and $H$ be groups and let $\phi: G \to H$ be a group homomorphism.
Suppose that $f:G\to H$ is bijective.
Then there exists a map $\psi:H\to G$ such that
$\psi \circ \phi=\id_G \text{ and } \phi \circ \psi=\id_H.$ Then prove that $\psi:H \to G$ is also a group homomorphism.

## Problem 444

Let $G, G’$ be groups. Let $\phi:G\to G’$ be a group homomorphism.
Then prove that for any element $g\in G$, we have
$\phi(g^{-1})=\phi(g)^{-1}.$

## Problem 443

Let $A=B=\Z$ be the additive group of integers.
Define a map $\phi: A\to B$ by sending $n$ to $2n$ for any integer $n\in A$.

(a) Prove that $\phi$ is a group homomorphism.

(b) Prove that $\phi$ is injective.

(c) Prove that there does not exist a group homomorphism $\psi:B \to A$ such that $\psi \circ \phi=\id_A$.

## Problem 420

In this post, we study the Fundamental Theorem of Finitely Generated Abelian Groups, and as an application we solve the following problem.

Problem.
Let $G$ be a finite abelian group of order $n$.
If $n$ is the product of distinct prime numbers, then prove that $G$ is isomorphic to the cyclic group $Z_n=\Zmod{n}$ of order $n$.

## Problem 402

Let $G$ be a group. Suppose that we have
$(ab)^3=a^3b^3$ for any elements $a, b$ in $G$. Also suppose that $G$ has no elements of order $3$.

Then prove that $G$ is an abelian group.