Determine Conditions on Scalars so that the Set of Vectors is Linearly Dependent
Problem 279
Determine conditions on the scalars $a, b$ so that the following set $S$ of vectors is linearly dependent.
\begin{align*}
S=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \mathbf{v}_3\},
\end{align*}
where
\[\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
3 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
a \\
4
\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}_3=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
2 \\
b
\end{bmatrix}.\]
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Solution.
Let us consider the linear combination
\[x_1\mathbf{v}_1+x_2\mathbf{v}_2+x_3\mathbf{v}_3=\mathbf{0}.\]
We want to find conditions on $a, b$ so that there is $(x_1, x_2, x_3) \neq (0, 0, 0)$ satisfying this linear combination.
Since the linear combination can be written as
\[A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0},\]
where
\[A=[\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \mathbf{v}_3]=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1 & 0 \\
3 &a &2 \\
1 & 4 & b
\end{bmatrix}, \text{ and } \mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
x_3
\end{bmatrix},\]
our goal is the same as finding conditions on $a, b$ so that $A$ is a singular matrix.
We apply elementary row operations to the augmented matrix $[A\mid \mathbf{0}]$.
\begin{align*}
&[A\mid \mathbf{0}]= \left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
3 &a & 2 & 0 \\
1 & 4 & b & 0
\end{array} \right]\\[10pt]
& \xrightarrow{\substack{R_2-3R_1\\R_3-R_1}}
\left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 &a-3 & 2 & 0 \\
0 & 3 & b & 0
\end{array} \right]
\xrightarrow{R_2\leftrightarrow R_3}
\left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 3 & b & 0 \\
0 &a-3 & 2 & 0
\end{array} \right]\\[10pt]
& \xrightarrow{\frac{1}{3}R_2}
\left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & b/3 & 0 \\
0 &a-3 & 2 & 0
\end{array} \right]
\xrightarrow{R_3-(a-3)R_2}
\left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & b/3 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 2-(a-3)b/3 & 0
\end{array} \right].
\end{align*}
The last matrix is in echelon form.
Let $c=2-(a-3)b/3$ be the number in $(3,3)$-entry.
If $c\neq 0$, then it is easy to see that we can further reduce the matrix to
\[ \left[\begin{array}{rrr|r}
1 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 &1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 1 & 0
\end{array} \right]\]
and the only solution is $x_1=x_2=x_3=0$.
On the other hand, if $c=0$, then the last row becomes a zero row and thus we see that $x_3$ is a free variable. Hence the system has a nonzero solution.
Therefore, the vectors $\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \mathbf{v}_3$ are linearly dependent if and only if $c=0$.
Hence the condition we are looking for is
\[c=2-(a-3)b/3=0,\]
or equivalently,
\[(a-3)b=6.\]
Related Question.
Let
\[\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
2 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
a \\
5
\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}_3=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
4 \\
b
\end{bmatrix}\] be vectors in $\R^3$.
Determine a condition on the scalars $a, b$ so that the set of vectors $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2, \mathbf{v}_3\}$ is linearly dependent.
The solution is given in the post ↴
Determine a Condition on $a, b$ so that Vectors are Linearly Dependent
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