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• Ascending Chain of Submodules and Union of its Submodules Let $R$ be a ring with $1$. Let $M$ be an $R$-module. Consider an ascending chain \[N_1 \subset N_2 \subset \cdots\] of submodules of $M$. Prove that the union \[\cup_{i=1}^{\infty} N_i\] is a submodule of $M$.   Proof. To simplify the notation, let us […]
• Subspaces of the Vector Space of All Real Valued Function on the Interval Let $V$ be the vector space over $\R$ of all real valued functions defined on the interval $[0,1]$. Determine whether the following subsets of $V$ are subspaces or not. (a) $S=\{f(x) \in V \mid f(0)=f(1)\}$. (b) $T=\{f(x) \in V \mid […]
• Every Group of Order 12 Has a Normal Subgroup of Order 3 or 4 Let $G$ be a group of order $12$. Prove that $G$ has a normal subgroup of order $3$ or $4$.   Hint. Use Sylow's theorem. (See Sylow’s Theorem (Summary) for a review of Sylow's theorem.) Recall that if there is a unique Sylow $p$-subgroup in a group $GH$, then it is […]
• Compute Determinant of a Matrix Using Linearly Independent Vectors Let $A$ be a $3 \times 3$ matrix. Let $\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}$ are linearly independent $3$-dimensional vectors. Suppose that we have \[A\mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, A\mathbf{y}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 […]
• Properties of Nonsingular and Singular Matrices An $n \times n$ matrix $A$ is called nonsingular if the only solution of the equation $A \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}$ is the zero vector $\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}$. Otherwise $A$ is called singular. (a) Show that if $A$ and $B$ are $n\times n$ nonsingular matrices, then the product $AB$ is […]
• Matrix Operations with Transpose Calculate the following expressions, using the following matrices: \[A = \begin{bmatrix} 2 & 3 \\ -5 & 1 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad B = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & -1 \\ 1 & -1 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{v} = \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ -4 \end{bmatrix}\] (a) $A B^\trans + \mathbf{v} […]
• If the Quotient is an Infinite Cyclic Group, then Exists a Normal Subgroup of Index $n$ Let $N$ be a normal subgroup of a group $G$. Suppose that $G/N$ is an infinite cyclic group. Then prove that for each positive integer $n$, there exists a normal subgroup $H$ of $G$ of index $n$.   Hint. Use the fourth (or Lattice) isomorphism theorem. Proof. […]
• The Product of a Subgroup and a Normal Subgroup is a Subgroup Let $G$ be a group. Let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$ and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$. The product of $H$ and $N$ is defined to be the subset \[H\cdot N=\{hn\in G\mid h \in H, n\in N\}.\] Prove that the product $H\cdot N$ is a subgroup of […]