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• Given the Variance of a Bernoulli Random Variable, Find Its Expectation Suppose that $X$ is a random variable with Bernoulli distribution $B_p$ with probability parameter $p$. Assume that the variance $V(X) = 0.21$. We further assume that $p > 0.5$. (a) Find the probability $p$. (b) Find the expectation $E(X)$. Hint. Recall that if $X$ […]
• Is the Quotient Ring of an Integral Domain still an Integral Domain? Let $R$ be an integral domain and let $I$ be an ideal of $R$. Is the quotient ring $R/I$ an integral domain?   Definition (Integral Domain). Let $R$ be a commutative ring. An element $a$ in $R$ is called a zero divisor if there exists $b\neq 0$ in $R$ such that […]
• True or False. The Intersection of Bases is a Basis of the Intersection of Subspaces Determine whether the following is true or false. If it is true, then give a proof. If it is false, then give a counterexample. Let $W_1$ and $W_2$ be subspaces of the vector space $\R^n$. If $B_1$ and $B_2$ are bases for $W_1$ and $W_2$, respectively, then $B_1\cap B_2$ is a […]
• Upper Bound of the Variance When a Random Variable is Bounded Let $c$ be a fixed positive number. Let $X$ be a random variable that takes values only between $0$ and $c$. This implies the probability $P(0 \leq X \leq c) = 1$. Then prove the next inequality about the variance $V(X)$. \[V(X) \leq \frac{c^2}{4}.\] Proof. Recall that […]
• Basic Properties of Characteristic Groups Definition (automorphism). An isomorphism from a group $G$ to itself is called an automorphism of $G$. The set of all automorphism is denoted by $\Aut(G)$. Definition (characteristic subgroup). A subgroup $H$ of a group $G$ is called characteristic in $G$ if for any $\phi […]
• Coordinate Vectors and Dimension of Subspaces (Span) Let $V$ be a vector space over $\R$ and let $B$ be a basis of $V$. Let $S=\{v_1, v_2, v_3\}$ be a set of vectors in $V$. If the coordinate vectors of these vectors with respect to the basis $B$ is given as follows, then find the dimension of $V$ and the dimension of the span of […]
• Is the Trace of the Transposed Matrix the Same as the Trace of the Matrix? Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. Is it true that $\tr ( A^\trans ) = \tr(A)$? If it is true, prove it. If not, give a counterexample.   Solution. The answer is true. Recall that the transpose of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries. Also, note that the […]
• If Two Vectors Satisfy $A\mathbf{x}=0$ then Find Another Solution Suppose that the vectors \[\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix} -4 \\ 0 \\ -3 \\ -2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}\] are a basis vectors for the null space of a $4\times 5$ […]