Let $U$ and $V$ be vector spaces over a scalar field $\F$.
Let $T: U \to V$ be a linear transformation.
Prove that $T$ is injective (one-to-one) if and only if the nullity of $T$ is zero.
Add to solve later Consider the $2\times 2$ real matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1& 3
\end{bmatrix}.\]
(a) Prove that the matrix $A$ is positive definite.
(b) Since $A$ is positive definite by part (a), the formula
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans} A \mathbf{y}\]
for $\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y} \in \R^2$ defines an inner product on $\R^n$.
Consider $\R^2$ as an inner product space with this inner product.
Prove that the unit vectors
\[\mathbf{e}_1=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{e}_2=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}\]
are not orthogonal in the inner product space $\R^2$.
(c) Find an orthogonal basis $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ of $\R^2$ from the basis $\{\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_2\}$ using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.
Add to solve later (a) Suppose that $A$ is an $n\times n$ real symmetric positive definite matrix.
Prove that
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans}A\mathbf{y}\]
defines an inner product on the vector space $\R^n$.
(b) Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ real matrix. Suppose that
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans}A\mathbf{y}\]
defines an inner product on the vector space $\R^n$.
Prove that $A$ is symmetric and positive definite.
Add to solve later Let $A$ and $B$ be $2\times 2$ matrices such that $(AB)^2=O$, where $O$ is the $2\times 2$ zero matrix.
Determine whether $(BA)^2$ must be $O$ as well. If so, prove it. If not, give a counter example.
Add to solve later Let $R$ and $S$ be rings with $1\neq 0$.
Prove that every ideal of the direct product $R\times S$ is of the form $I\times J$, where $I$ is an ideal of $R$, and $J$ is an ideal of $S$.
Add to solve later (a) Prove that every prime ideal of a Principal Ideal Domain (PID) is a maximal ideal.
(b) Prove that a quotient ring of a PID by a prime ideal is a PID.
Add to solve later Let $I$ be a nonzero ideal of the ring of Gaussian integers $\Z[i]$.
Prove that the quotient ring $\Z[i]/I$ is finite.
Add to solve later Consider the complex matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
\sqrt{2}\cos x & i \sin x & 0 \\
i \sin x &0 &-i \sin x \\
0 & -i \sin x & -\sqrt{2} \cos x
\end{bmatrix},\]
where $x$ is a real number between $0$ and $2\pi$.
Determine for which values of $x$ the matrix $A$ is diagonalizable.
When $A$ is diagonalizable, find a diagonal matrix $D$ so that $P^{-1}AP=D$ for some nonsingular matrix $P$.
Add to solve later Let $R$ and $S$ be rings. Suppose that $f: R \to S$ is a surjective ring homomorphism.
Prove that every image of an ideal of $R$ under $f$ is an ideal of $S$.
Namely, prove that if $I$ is an ideal of $R$, then $J=f(I)$ is an ideal of $S$.
Add to solve later (a) Let $F$ be a field. Show that $F$ does not have a nonzero zero divisor.
(b) Let $R$ and $S$ be nonzero rings with identities.
Prove that the direct product $R\times S$ cannot be a field.
Add to solve later Let $R$ be a commutative ring with identity $1\neq 0$. Suppose that for each element $a\in R$, there exists an integer $n > 1$ depending on $a$.
Then prove that every prime ideal is a maximal ideal.
Add to solve later Let $\F_3=\Zmod{3}$ be the finite field of order $3$.
Consider the ring $\F_3[x]$ of polynomial over $\F_3$ and its ideal $I=(x^2+1)$ generated by $x^2+1\in \F_3[x]$.
(a) Prove that the quotient ring $\F_3[x]/(x^2+1)$ is a field. How many elements does the field have?
(b) Let $ax+b+I$ be a nonzero element of the field $\F_3[x]/(x^2+1)$, where $a, b \in \F_3$. Find the inverse of $ax+b+I$.
(c) Recall that the multiplicative group of nonzero elements of a field is a cyclic group.
Confirm that the element $x$ is not a generator of $E^{\times}$, where $E=\F_3[x]/(x^2+1)$ but $x+1$ is a generator.
Add to solve later Let $V$ denote the vector space of all real $2\times 2$ matrices.
Suppose that the linear transformation from $V$ to $V$ is given as below.
\[T(A)=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 3\\
5 & 7
\end{bmatrix}A-A\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 3\\
5 & 7
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Prove or disprove that the linear transformation $T:V\to V$ is an isomorphism.
Add to solve later A square matrix $A$ is called idempotent if $A^2=A$.
(a) Let $\mathbf{u}$ be a vector in $\R^n$ with length $1$.
Define the matrix $P$ to be $P=\mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^{\trans}$.
Prove that $P$ is an idempotent matrix.
(b) Suppose that $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ be unit vectors in $\R^n$ such that $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ are orthogonal.
Let $Q=\mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^{\trans}+\mathbf{v}\mathbf{v}^{\trans}$.
Prove that $Q$ is an idempotent matrix.
(c) Prove that each nonzero vector of the form $a\mathbf{u}+b\mathbf{v}$ for some $a, b\in \R$ is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $1$ for the matrix $Q$ in part (b).
Add to solve later A ring is called local if it has a unique maximal ideal.
(a) Prove that a ring $R$ with $1$ is local if and only if the set of non-unit elements of $R$ is an ideal of $R$.
(b) Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and suppose that $M$ is a maximal ideal of $R$.
Prove that if every element of $1+M$ is a unit, then $R$ is a local ring.
Add to solve later Let
\[R=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix}
a & b\\
0& a
\end{bmatrix} \quad \middle | \quad a, b\in \Q \,\right\}.\]
Then the usual matrix addition and multiplication make $R$ an ring.
Let
\[J=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix}
0 & b\\
0& 0
\end{bmatrix} \quad \middle | \quad b \in \Q \,\right\}\]
be a subset of the ring $R$.
(a) Prove that the subset $J$ is an ideal of the ring $R$.
(b) Prove that the quotient ring $R/J$ is isomorphic to $\Q$.
Add to solve later Let $R$ be the ring of all $2\times 2$ matrices with integer coefficients:
\[R=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix}
a & b\\
c& d
\end{bmatrix} \quad \middle| \quad a, b, c, d\in \Z \,\right\}.\]
Let $S$ be the subset of $R$ given by
\[S=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix}
s & 0\\
0& s
\end{bmatrix} \quad \middle | \quad s\in \Z \,\right\}.\]
(a) True or False: $S$ is a subring of $R$.
(b) True or False: $S$ is an ideal of $R$.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a nilpotent group and let $H$ be a proper subgroup of $G$.
Then prove that $H \subsetneq N_G(H)$, where $N_G(H)$ is the normalizer of $H$ in $G$.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be an abelian group and let $H$ be the subset of $G$ consisting of all elements of $G$ of finite order. That is,
\[H=\{ a\in G \mid \text{the order of $a$ is finite}\}.\]
Prove that $H$ is a subgroup of $G$.
Add to solve later 
