## Problem 218

For a real number $0\leq \theta \leq \pi$, we define the real $3\times 3$ matrix $A$ by
$A=\begin{bmatrix} \cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0 \\ \sin\theta &\cos\theta &0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$

(a) Find the determinant of the matrix $A$.

(b) Show that $A$ is an orthogonal matrix.

(c) Find the eigenvalues of $A$.

## Problem 217

Let $A, B, C$ are $2\times 2$ diagonalizable matrices.

The graphs of characteristic polynomials of $A, B, C$ are shown below. The red graph is for $A$, the blue one for $B$, and the green one for $C$.

From this information, determine the rank of the matrices $A, B,$ and $C$.

Graphs of characteristic polynomials

## Problem 216

Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 3 & 3 \\ -3 &-5 &-3 \\ 3 & 3 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } B=\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 4 & 3 \\ -4 &-6 &-3 \\ 3 & 3 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ For this problem, you may use the fact that both matrices have the same characteristic polynomial:
$p_A(\lambda)=p_B(\lambda)=-(\lambda-1)(\lambda+2)^2.$

(a) Find all eigenvectors of $A$.

(b) Find all eigenvectors of $B$.

(c) Which matrix $A$ or $B$ is diagonalizable?

(d) Diagonalize the matrix stated in (c), i.e., find an invertible matrix $P$ and a diagonal matrix $D$ such that $A=PDP^{-1}$ or $B=PDP^{-1}$.

(Stanford University Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 215

Show that fields $\Q(\sqrt{2}+\sqrt{3})$ and $\Q(\sqrt{2}, \sqrt{3})$ are equal.

## Problem 214

Find the inverse matrix of the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} \frac{2}{7} & \frac{3}{7} & \frac{6}{7} \\[6 pt] \frac{6}{7} &\frac{2}{7} &-\frac{3}{7} \\[6pt] -\frac{3}{7} & \frac{6}{7} & -\frac{2}{7} \end{bmatrix}.$

## Problem 213

Let $A, B$ be matrices. Show that if $A$ is diagonalizable and if $B$ is similar to $A$, then $B$ is diagonalizable.

## Problem 212

Let $G$ be a group. Suppose that the order of nonidentity element of $G$ is $2$.
Then show that $G$ is an abelian group.

## Problem 211

In this post, we explain how to diagonalize a matrix if it is diagonalizable.

As an example, we solve the following problem.

Diagonalize the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 4 & -3 & -3 \\ 3 &-2 &-3 \\ -1 & 1 & 2 \end{bmatrix}$ by finding a nonsingular matrix $S$ and a diagonal matrix $D$ such that $S^{-1}AS=D$.

(Update 10/15/2017. A new example problem was added.)

## Problem 210

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix with real number entries.

Show that if $A$ is diagonalizable by an orthogonal matrix, then $A$ is a symmetric matrix.

## Problem 209

Let $G$ be a group. We fix an element $x$ of $G$ and define a map
$\Psi_x: G\to G$ by mapping $g\in G$ to $xgx^{-1} \in G$.
Then prove the followings.
(a) The map $\Psi_x$ is a group homomorphism.

(b) The map $\Psi_x=\id$ if and only if $x\in Z(G)$, where $Z(G)$ is the center of the group $G$.

(c) The map $\Psi_y=\id$ for all $y\in G$ if and only if $G$ is an abelian group.

## Problem 208

Let $G, G’$ be groups and let $f:G \to G’$ be a group homomorphism.
Put $N=\ker(f)$. Then show that we have
$f^{-1}(f(H))=HN.$

## Problem 207

Let $G$ be a group. Define a map $f:G \to G$ by sending each element $g \in G$ to its inverse $g^{-1} \in G$.
Show that $G$ is an abelian group if and only if the map $f: G\to G$ is a group homomorphism.

## Problem 206

Determine all eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicities of the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & a & 1 \\ a &1 &a \\ 1 & a & 1 \end{bmatrix},$ where $a$ is a real number.

## Problem 205

Let $G$ be an abelian group with the identity element $1$. Let $a, b$ be elements of $G$ with order $m$ and $n$, respectively.
If $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime, then show that the order of the element $ab$ is $mn$.

## Problem 204

Is there a (not necessarily commutative) ring $R$ with $1$ such that the equation
$x+x=1$ has more than one solutions $x\in R$?

## Problem 203

Let $R$ be a commutative ring. Let $S$ be a subset of $R$ and let $I$ be an ideal of $I$.
We define the subset
$(I:S):=\{ a \in R \mid aS\subset I\}.$ Prove that $(I:S)$ is an ideal of $R$. This ideal is called the ideal quotient, or colon ideal.

## Problem 202

Show that eigenvalues of a Hermitian matrix $A$ are real numbers.

(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 201

Let $C[-\pi, \pi]$ be the vector space of all continuous functions defined on the interval $[-\pi, \pi]$.

Show that the subset $\{\cos(x), \sin(x)\}$ in $C[-\pi, \pi]$ is linearly independent.

## Problem 200

Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 5 & 2 & -1 \\ 2 &2 &2 \\ -1 & 2 & 5 \end{bmatrix}.$

Pick your favorite number $a$. Find the dimension of the null space of the matrix $A-aI$, where $I$ is the $3\times 3$ identity matrix.

Your score of this problem is equal to that dimension times five.

(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra Practice Problem)

## Problem 199

Let $R$ be the ring of all continuous functions on the interval $[0,1]$.
Let $I$ be the set of functions $f(x)$ in $R$ such that $f(1/2)=f(1/3)=0$.

Show that the set $I$ is an ideal of $R$ but is not a prime ideal.