## Problem 188

Denote by $i$ the square root of $-1$.
Let
$R=\Z[i]=\{a+ib \mid a, b \in \Z \}$ be the ring of Gaussian integers.
We define the norm $N:\Z[i] \to \Z$ by sending $\alpha=a+ib$ to
$N(\alpha)=\alpha \bar{\alpha}=a^2+b^2.$

Here $\bar{\alpha}$ is the complex conjugate of $\alpha$.
Then show that an element $\alpha \in R$ is a unit if and only if the norm $N(\alpha)=\pm 1$.
Also, determine all the units of the ring $R=\Z[i]$ of Gaussian integers.

## Problem 187

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Suppose that $\lambda_1, \lambda_2$ are distinct eigenvalues of the matrix $A$ and let $\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2$ be eigenvectors corresponding to $\lambda_1, \lambda_2$, respectively.

Show that the vectors $\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2$ are linearly independent.

## Problem 186

Let $A$ and $B$ be $n\times n$ matrices, where $n$ is an integer greater than $1$.

Is it true that
$\det(A+B)=\det(A)+\det(B)?$ If so, then give a proof. If not, then give a counterexample.

## Problem 185

Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n \times n$ matrix.
We say that $A=(a_{ij})$ is a right stochastic matrix if each entry $a_{ij}$ is nonnegative and the sum of the entries of each row is $1$. That is, we have
$a_{ij}\geq 0 \quad \text{ and } \quad a_{i1}+a_{i2}+\cdots+a_{in}=1$ for $1 \leq i, j \leq n$.

Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n\times n$ right stochastic matrix. Then show the following statements.

(a)The stochastic matrix $A$ has an eigenvalue $1$.

(b) The absolute value of any eigenvalue of the stochastic matrix $A$ is less than or equal to $1$.

## Problem 184

Suppose that $A$ and $P$ are $3 \times 3$ matrices and $P$ is invertible matrix.
If
$P^{-1}AP=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 0 &4 &5 \\ 0 & 0 & 6 \end{bmatrix},$ then find all the eigenvalues of the matrix $A^2$.

## Problem 183

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. Suppose that the matrix $A^2$ has a real eigenvalue $\lambda>0$. Then show that either $\sqrt{\lambda}$ or $-\sqrt{\lambda}$ is an eigenvalue of the matrix $A$.

## Problem 182

Let $T$ be a linear transformation from the vector space $\R^3$ to $\R^3$.
Suppose that $k=3$ is the smallest positive integer such that $T^k=\mathbf{0}$ (the zero linear transformation) and suppose that we have $\mathbf{x}\in \R^3$ such that $T^2\mathbf{x}\neq \mathbf{0}$.

Show that the vectors $\mathbf{x}, T\mathbf{x}, T^2\mathbf{x}$ form a basis for $\R^3$.

(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 181

Suppose that $\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$ is an eigenvector of a matrix $A$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $3$ and that $\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$ is an eigenvector of $A$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $-2$.
Compute $A^2\begin{bmatrix} 4 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}$.

(Stanford University Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 180

Suppose the following information is known about a $3\times 3$ matrix $A$.
$A\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}=6\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \quad A\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}=3\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \quad A\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ -1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}=3\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}.$

(a) Find the eigenvalues of $A$.

(b) Find the corresponding eigenspaces.

(c) In each of the following questions, you must give a correct reason (based on the theory of eigenvalues and eigenvectors) to get full credit.
Is $A$ a diagonalizable matrix?
Is $A$ an invertible matrix?
Is $A$ an idempotent matrix?

(Johns Hopkins University Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 179

Prove that $\sqrt[m]{2}$ is an irrational number for any integer $m \geq 2$.

## Problem 178

Let
$\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 1 \\ 1 &0 &0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}.$

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial and all the eigenvalues (real and complex) of $A$. Is $A$ diagonalizable over the complex numbers?

(b) Calculate $A^{2009}$.

(Princeton University, Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 177

Let $R$ be a principal ideal domain (PID). Let $a\in R$ be a non-unit irreducible element.

Then show that the ideal $(a)$ generated by the element $a$ is a maximal ideal.

## Problem 176

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix. We say that $A$ is idempotent if $A^2=A$.

(a) Find a nonzero, nonidentity idempotent matrix.

(b) Show that eigenvalues of an idempotent matrix $A$ is either $0$ or $1$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 175

Let $R$ be a principal ideal domain (PID) and let $P$ be a nonzero prime ideal in $R$.
Show that $P$ is a maximal ideal in $R$.

## Problem 174

Let $R$ be a commutative ring and let $P$ be an ideal of $R$. Prove that the following statements are equivalent:

(a) The ideal $P$ is a prime ideal.

(b) For any two ideals $I$ and $J$, if $IJ \subset P$ then we have either $I \subset P$ or $J \subset P$.

## Problem 173

Let $R$ be a commutative ring. An ideal $I$ of $R$ is said to be irreducible if it cannot be written as an intersection of two ideals of $R$ which are strictly larger than $I$.

Prove that if $\frakp$ is a prime ideal of the commutative ring $R$, then $\frakp$ is irreducible.

## Problem 172

Let $R$ be a commutative ring.

Then prove that $R$ is a field if and only if $\{0\}$ is a maximal ideal of $R$.

## Problem 171

Let $R$ be a commutative ring with $1 \neq 0$.
An element $a\in R$ is called nilpotent if $a^n=0$ for some positive integer $n$.

Then prove that if $a$ is a nilpotent element of $R$, then $1-ab$ is a unit for all $b \in R$.

## Problem 170

Prove that the rings $2\Z$ and $3\Z$ are not isomorphic.

## Find All the Values of $x$ so that a Given $3\times 3$ Matrix is Singular
Find all the values of $x$ so that the following matrix $A$ is a singular matrix.
$A=\begin{bmatrix} x & x^2 & 1 \\ 2 &3 &1 \\ 0 & -1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$