## Problem 689

For this problem, use the complex vectors
$\mathbf{w}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 + i \\ 1 – i \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} , \, \mathbf{w}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} -i \\ 0 \\ 2 – i \end{bmatrix} , \, \mathbf{w}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} 2+i \\ 1 – 3i \\ 2i \end{bmatrix} .$

Suppose $\mathbf{w}_4$ is another complex vector which is orthogonal to both $\mathbf{w}_2$ and $\mathbf{w}_3$, and satisfies $\mathbf{w}_1 \cdot \mathbf{w}_4 = 2i$ and $\| \mathbf{w}_4 \| = 3$.

Calculate the following expressions:

(a) $\mathbf{w}_1 \cdot \mathbf{w}_2$.

(b) $\mathbf{w}_1 \cdot \mathbf{w}_3$.

(c) $((2+i)\mathbf{w}_1 – (1+i)\mathbf{w}_2 ) \cdot \mathbf{w}_4$.

(d) $\| \mathbf{w}_1 \| , \| \mathbf{w}_2 \|$, and $\| \mathbf{w}_3 \|$.

(e) $\| 3 \mathbf{w}_4 \|$.

(f) What is the distance between $\mathbf{w}_2$ and $\mathbf{w}_3$?

## Problem 688

Let $A$ be a $3\times 3$ matrix and let
$\mathbf{v}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ -1 \end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{w}=\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ -1 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix}.$ Suppose that $A\mathbf{v}=-\mathbf{v}$ and $A\mathbf{w}=2\mathbf{w}$.
Then find the vector
$A^5\begin{bmatrix} -1 \\ 8 \\ -9 \end{bmatrix}.$

## Problem 687

For this problem, use the real vectors
$\mathbf{v}_1 = \begin{bmatrix} -1 \\ 0 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix} , \mathbf{v}_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 2 \\ -3 \end{bmatrix} , \mathbf{v}_3 = \begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 2 \\ 3 \end{bmatrix} .$ Suppose that $\mathbf{v}_4$ is another vector which is orthogonal to $\mathbf{v}_1$ and $\mathbf{v}_3$, and satisfying
$\mathbf{v}_2 \cdot \mathbf{v}_4 = -3 .$

Calculate the following expressions:

(a) $\mathbf{v}_1 \cdot \mathbf{v}_2$.

(b) $\mathbf{v}_3 \cdot \mathbf{v}_4$.

(c) $( 2 \mathbf{v}_1 + 3 \mathbf{v}_2 – \mathbf{v}_3 ) \cdot \mathbf{v}_4$.

(d) $\| \mathbf{v}_1 \| , \, \| \mathbf{v}_2 \| , \, \| \mathbf{v}_3 \|$.

(e) What is the distance between $\mathbf{v}_1$ and $\mathbf{v}_2$?

## Problem 686

In each of the following cases, can we conclude that $A$ is invertible? If so, find an expression for $A^{-1}$ as a linear combination of positive powers of $A$. If $A$ is not invertible, explain why not.

(a) The matrix $A$ is a $3 \times 3$ matrix with eigenvalues $\lambda=i , \lambda=-i$, and $\lambda=0$.

(b) The matrix $A$ is a $3 \times 3$ matrix with eigenvalues $\lambda=i , \lambda=-i$, and $\lambda=-1$.

## Problem 685

Suppose that the $2 \times 2$ matrix $A$ has eigenvalues $4$ and $-2$. For each integer $n \geq 1$, there are real numbers $b_n , c_n$ which satisfy the relation
$A^{n} = b_n A + c_n I ,$ where $I$ is the identity matrix.

Find $b_n$ and $c_n$ for $2 \leq n \leq 5$, and then find a recursive relationship to find $b_n, c_n$ for every $n \geq 1$.

## Problem 684

Let $\mathbb{R}^2$ be the vector space of size-2 column vectors. This vector space has an inner product defined by $\langle \mathbf{v} , \mathbf{w} \rangle = \mathbf{v}^\trans \mathbf{w}$. A linear transformation $T : \R^2 \rightarrow \R^2$ is called an orthogonal transformation if for all $\mathbf{v} , \mathbf{w} \in \R^2$,
$\langle T(\mathbf{v}) , T(\mathbf{w}) \rangle = \langle \mathbf{v} , \mathbf{w} \rangle.$

For a fixed angle $\theta \in [0, 2 \pi )$ , define the matrix
$[T] = \begin{bmatrix} \cos (\theta) & – \sin ( \theta ) \\ \sin ( \theta ) & \cos ( \theta ) \end{bmatrix}$ and the linear transformation $T : \R^2 \rightarrow \R^2$ by
$T( \mathbf{v} ) = [T] \mathbf{v}.$

Prove that $T$ is an orthogonal transformation.

## Problem 683

Let $\mathrm{P}_3$ denote the set of polynomials of degree $3$ or less with real coefficients. Consider the ordered basis
$B = \left\{ 1+x , 1+x^2 , x – x^2 + 2x^3 , 1 – x – x^2 \right\}.$ Write the coordinate vector for the polynomial $f(x) = -3 + 2x^3$ in terms of the basis $B$.

## Problem 682

Let $V$ denote the vector space of $2 \times 2$ matrices, and $W$ the vector space of $3 \times 2$ matrices. Define the linear transformation $T : V \rightarrow W$ by
$T \left( \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \right) = \begin{bmatrix} a+b & 2d \\ 2b – d & -3c \\ 2b – c & -3a \end{bmatrix}.$

Find a basis for the range of $T$.

## Problem 681

For a square matrix $M$, its matrix exponential is defined by
$e^M = \sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{M^k}{k!}.$

Suppose that $M$ is a diagonal matrix
$M = \begin{bmatrix} m_{1 1} & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & m_{2 2} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & m_{3 3} & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & m_{n n} \end{bmatrix}.$

Find the matrix exponential $e^M$.

## Problem 680

Let $C([-1, 1])$ denote the vector space of real-valued functions on the interval $[-1, 1]$. Define the vector subspace
$W = \{ f \in C([-1, 1]) \mid f(0) = 0 \}.$

Define the map $T : C([-1, 1]) \rightarrow W$ by $T(f)(x) = f(x) – f(0)$. Determine if $T$ is a linear map. If it is, determine its nullspace and range.

## Problem 679

For an integer $n > 0$, let $\mathrm{P}_n$ denote the vector space of polynomials with real coefficients of degree $2$ or less. Define the map $T : \mathrm{P}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_4$ by
$T(f)(x) = f(x^2).$

Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation.

If it is, find the matrix representation for $T$ relative to the basis $\mathcal{B} = \{ 1 , x , x^2 \}$ of $\mathrm{P}_2$ and $\mathcal{C} = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , x^3 , x^4 \}$ of $\mathrm{P}_4$.

## Problem 678

Let $C ([0, 3] )$ be the vector space of real functions on the interval $[0, 3]$. Let $\mathrm{P}_3$ denote the set of real polynomials of degree $3$ or less.

Define the map $T : C ([0, 3] ) \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ by
$T(f)(x) = f(0) + f(1) \cdot x + f(2) \cdot x^2 + f(3) \cdot x^3.$

Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation. If it is, determine its nullspace.

## Problem 677

Let $C (\mathbb{R})$ be the vector space of real functions. Define the map $T$ by $T(f)(x) = (f(x))^2$ for $f \in C(\mathbb{R})$.

Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation or not. If it is, determine the range of $T$.

## Problem 676

Let $V$ be the vector space of $2 \times 2$ matrices with real entries, and $\mathrm{P}_3$ the vector space of real polynomials of degree 3 or less. Define the linear transformation $T : V \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ by
$T \left( \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \right) = 2a + (b-d)x – (a+c)x^2 + (a+b-c-d)x^3.$

Find the rank and nullity of $T$.

## Problem 675

The space $C^{\infty} (\mathbb{R})$ is the vector space of real functions which are infinitely differentiable. Let $T : C^{\infty} (\mathbb{R}) \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ be the map which takes $f \in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})$ to its third order Taylor polynomial, specifically defined by
$T(f)(x) = f(0) + f'(0) x + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(0)}{2} x^2 + \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime}(0)}{6} x^3.$ Here, $f’, f^{\prime\prime}$ and $f^{\prime \prime \prime}$ denote the first, second, and third derivatives of $f$, respectively.

Prove that $T$ is a linear transformation.

## Problem 674

Let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis. Let $T : \mathrm{P}_4 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{4}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_4$,
$T (f) (x) = f(x) – x – 1.$

Determine if $T(x)$ is a linear transformation. If it is, find the matrix representation of $T$ relative to the standard basis of $\mathrm{P}_4$.

## Problem 673

Let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis.

Let $T : \mathrm{P}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{5}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_3$,
$T (f) (x) = ( x^2 – 2) f(x).$

Determine if $T(x)$ is a linear transformation. If it is, find the matrix representation of $T$ relative to the standard basis of $\mathrm{P}_3$ and $\mathrm{P}_{5}$.

## Problem 672

For an integer $n > 0$, let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis.

Let $T : \mathrm{P}_n \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{n+1}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_n$,
$T (f) (x) = x f(x).$

Prove that $T$ is a linear transformation, and find its range and nullspace.

## Problem 671

Determine whether the following matrices are nonsingular or not.

(a) $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 2 &1 &2 \\ 1 & 0 & -1 \end{bmatrix}$.

(b) $B=\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 &0 &1 \\ 4 & 1 & 4 \end{bmatrix}$.

## Problem 670

Determine the values of a real number $a$ such that the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 3 & 0 & a \\ 2 &3 &0 \\ 0 & 18a & a+1 \end{bmatrix}$ is nonsingular.