Suppose that $B=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ is a basis for $\R^2$. Let $S:=[\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2]$.
Note that as the column vectors of $S$ are linearly independent, the matrix $S$ is invertible.
Prove that for each vector $\mathbf{v} \in V$, the vector $S^{-1}\mathbf{v}$ is the coordinate vector of $\mathbf{v}$ with respect to the basis $B$.
Add to solve later Let $A=\begin{bmatrix}
a & b\\
c& d
\end{bmatrix}$ be an $2\times 2$ matrix.
Express the eigenvalues of $A$ in terms of the trace and the determinant of $A$.
Add to solve later Consider the matrix $A=\begin{bmatrix}
a & -b\\
b& a
\end{bmatrix}$, where $a$ and $b$ are real numbers and $b\neq 0$.
(a) Find all eigenvalues of $A$.
(b) For each eigenvalue of $A$, determine the eigenspace $E_{\lambda}$.
(c) Diagonalize the matrix $A$ by finding a nonsingular matrix $S$ and a diagonal matrix $D$ such that $S^{-1}AS=D$.
Add to solve later Diagonalize the $2\times 2$ matrix $A=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1\\
-1& 2
\end{bmatrix}$ by finding a nonsingular matrix $S$ and a diagonal matrix $D$ such that $S^{-1}AS=D$.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a group of order $57$. Assume that $G$ is not a cyclic group.
Then determine the number of elements in $G$ of order $3$.
Read solution
Add to solve later Determine whether the function $T:\R^2 \to \R^3$ defined by
\[T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
x \\
y
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)
=
\begin{bmatrix}
x_+y \\
x+1 \\
3y
\end{bmatrix}\]
is a linear transformation.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a group. Suppose that the number of elements in $G$ of order $5$ is $28$.
Determine the number of distinct subgroups of $G$ of order $5$.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a group and let $H_1, H_2$ be subgroups of $G$ such that $H_1 \not \subset H_2$ and $H_2 \not \subset H_1$.
(a) Prove that the union $H_1 \cup H_2$ is never a subgroup in $G$.
(b) Prove that a group cannot be written as the union of two proper subgroups.
Add to solve later Let $R$ and $R’$ be commutative rings and let $f:R\to R’$ be a ring homomorphism.
Let $I$ and $I’$ be ideals of $R$ and $R’$, respectively.
(a) Prove that $f(\sqrt{I}\,) \subset \sqrt{f(I)}$.
(b) Prove that $\sqrt{f^{-1}(I’)}=f^{-1}(\sqrt{I’})$
(c) Suppose that $f$ is surjective and $\ker(f)\subset I$. Then prove that $f(\sqrt{I}\,) =\sqrt{f(I)}$
Add to solve later Let $I=(x, 2)$ and $J=(x, 3)$ be ideal in the ring $\Z[x]$.
(a) Prove that $IJ=(x, 6)$.
(b) Prove that the element $x\in IJ$ cannot be written as $x=f(x)g(x)$, where $f(x)\in I$ and $g(x)\in J$.
Add to solve later Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Suppose that the sum of elements in each row of $A$ is zero.
Then prove that the matrix $A$ is singular.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a finite group and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$.
Suppose that the order $n$ of $N$ is relatively prime to the index $|G:N|=m$.
(a) Prove that $N=\{a\in G \mid a^n=e\}$.
(b) Prove that $N=\{b^m \mid b\in G\}$.
Add to solve later Is it true that a set of nilpotent elements in a ring $R$ is an ideal of $R$?
If so, prove it. Otherwise give a counterexample.
Add to solve later Let $R$ be a commutative ring with $1$ such that every element $x$ in $R$ is idempotent, that is, $x^2=x$. (Such a ring is called a Boolean ring.)
(a) Prove that $x^n=x$ for any positive integer $n$.
(b) Prove that $R$ does not have a nonzero nilpotent element.
Add to solve later Let $R$ be a commutative ring with $1$.
Suppose that the localization $R_{\mathfrak{p}}$ is a Noetherian ring for every prime ideal $\mathfrak{p}$ of $R$.
Is it true that $A$ is also a Noetherian ring?
Add to solve later Suppose that $p$ is a prime number greater than $3$.
Consider the multiplicative group $G=(\Zmod{p})^*$ of order $p-1$.
(a) Prove that the set of squares $S=\{x^2\mid x\in G\}$ is a subgroup of the multiplicative group $G$.
(b) Determine the index $[G : S]$.
(c) Assume that $-1\notin S$. Then prove that for each $a\in G$ we have either $a\in S$ or $-a\in S$.
Add to solve later Let $R$ be a ring and assume that whenever $ab=ca$ for some elements $a, b, c\in R$, we have $b=c$.
Then prove that $R$ is a commutative ring.
Add to solve later Let $G$ be a finite group. Let $S$ be the set of elements $g$ such that $g^5=e$, where $e$ is the identity element in the group $G$.
Prove that the number of elements in $S$ is odd.
Add to solve later Let $m$ and $n$ be positive integers such that $m \mid n$.
(a) Prove that the map $\phi:\Zmod{n} \to \Zmod{m}$ sending $a+n\Z$ to $a+m\Z$ for any $a\in \Z$ is well-defined.
(b) Prove that $\phi$ is a group homomorphism.
(c) Prove that $\phi$ is surjective.
(d) Determine the group structure of the kernel of $\phi$.
Add to solve later 
