A Condition that a Vector is a Linear Combination of Columns Vectors of a Matrix
Suppose that an $n \times m$ matrix $M$ is composed of the column vectors $\mathbf{b}_1 , \cdots , \mathbf{b}_m$.
Prove that a vector $\mathbf{v} \in \R^n$ can be written as a linear combination of the column vectors if and only if there is a vector $\mathbf{x}$ which solves the […]
Find the Formula for the Power of a Matrix
Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1 & 1 \\
0 &0 &1 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}\]
be a $3\times 3$ matrix. Then find the formula for $A^n$ for any positive integer $n$.
Proof.
We first compute several powers of $A$ and guess the general formula.
We […]
A Matrix Having One Positive Eigenvalue and One Negative Eigenvalue
Prove that the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1.00001 & 1 \\
1.00001 &1 &1.00001 \\
1 & 1.00001 & 1
\end{bmatrix}\]
has one positive eigenvalue and one negative eigenvalue.
(University of California, Berkeley Qualifying Exam Problem)
Solution.
Let us put […]
Beautiful Formulas for pi=3.14… The number $\pi$ is defined a s the ratio of a circle's circumference $C$ to its diameter $d$:
\[\pi=\frac{C}{d}.\]
$\pi$ in decimal starts with 3.14... and never end.
I will show you several beautiful formulas for $\pi$.
Art Museum of formulas for $\pi$ […]
Trace, Determinant, and Eigenvalue (Harvard University Exam Problem)
(a) A $2 \times 2$ matrix $A$ satisfies $\tr(A^2)=5$ and $\tr(A)=3$.
Find $\det(A)$.
(b) A $2 \times 2$ matrix has two parallel columns and $\tr(A)=5$. Find $\tr(A^2)$.
(c) A $2\times 2$ matrix $A$ has $\det(A)=5$ and positive integer eigenvalues. What is the trace of […]
Every Ideal of the Direct Product of Rings is the Direct Product of Ideals
Let $R$ and $S$ be rings with $1\neq 0$.
Prove that every ideal of the direct product $R\times S$ is of the form $I\times J$, where $I$ is an ideal of $R$, and $J$ is an ideal of $S$.
Proof.
Let $K$ be an ideal of the direct product $R\times […]
Annihilator of a Submodule is a 2-Sided Ideal of a Ring
Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and let $M$ be a left $R$-module.
Let $S$ be a subset of $M$. The annihilator of $S$ in $R$ is the subset of the ring $R$ defined to be
\[\Ann_R(S)=\{ r\in R\mid rx=0 \text{ for all } x\in S\}.\]
(If $rx=0, r\in R, x\in S$, then we say $r$ annihilates […]
Determine Whether the Following Matrix Invertible. If So Find Its Inverse Matrix.
Let A be the matrix
\[\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 0 \\
0 &1 &-1 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Is the matrix $A$ invertible? If not, then explain why it isn’t invertible. If so, then find the inverse.
(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra […]
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A Condition that a Vector is a Linear Combination of Columns Vectors of a Matrix
Suppose that an $n \times m$ matrix $M$ is composed of the column vectors $\mathbf{b}_1 , \cdots , \mathbf{b}_m$.
Prove that a vector $\mathbf{v} \in \R^n$ can be written as a linear combination of the column vectors if and only if there is a vector $\mathbf{x}$ which solves the […]
Find the Formula for the Power of a Matrix
Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1 & 1 \\
0 &0 &1 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}\]
be a $3\times 3$ matrix. Then find the formula for $A^n$ for any positive integer $n$.
Proof.
We first compute several powers of $A$ and guess the general formula.
We […]
A Matrix Having One Positive Eigenvalue and One Negative Eigenvalue
Prove that the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1.00001 & 1 \\
1.00001 &1 &1.00001 \\
1 & 1.00001 & 1
\end{bmatrix}\]
has one positive eigenvalue and one negative eigenvalue.
(University of California, Berkeley Qualifying Exam Problem)
Solution.
Let us put […]
Beautiful Formulas for pi=3.14… The number $\pi$ is defined a s the ratio of a circle's circumference $C$ to its diameter $d$:
\[\pi=\frac{C}{d}.\]
$\pi$ in decimal starts with 3.14... and never end.
I will show you several beautiful formulas for $\pi$.
Art Museum of formulas for $\pi$ […]
Trace, Determinant, and Eigenvalue (Harvard University Exam Problem)
(a) A $2 \times 2$ matrix $A$ satisfies $\tr(A^2)=5$ and $\tr(A)=3$.
Find $\det(A)$.
(b) A $2 \times 2$ matrix has two parallel columns and $\tr(A)=5$. Find $\tr(A^2)$.
(c) A $2\times 2$ matrix $A$ has $\det(A)=5$ and positive integer eigenvalues. What is the trace of […]
Every Ideal of the Direct Product of Rings is the Direct Product of Ideals
Let $R$ and $S$ be rings with $1\neq 0$.
Prove that every ideal of the direct product $R\times S$ is of the form $I\times J$, where $I$ is an ideal of $R$, and $J$ is an ideal of $S$.
Proof.
Let $K$ be an ideal of the direct product $R\times […]
Annihilator of a Submodule is a 2-Sided Ideal of a Ring
Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and let $M$ be a left $R$-module.
Let $S$ be a subset of $M$. The annihilator of $S$ in $R$ is the subset of the ring $R$ defined to be
\[\Ann_R(S)=\{ r\in R\mid rx=0 \text{ for all } x\in S\}.\]
(If $rx=0, r\in R, x\in S$, then we say $r$ annihilates […]
Determine Whether the Following Matrix Invertible. If So Find Its Inverse Matrix.
Let A be the matrix
\[\begin{bmatrix}
1 & -1 & 0 \\
0 &1 &-1 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Is the matrix $A$ invertible? If not, then explain why it isn’t invertible. If so, then find the inverse.
(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra […]
