# Johns-Hopkins-University-exam-eye-catch

• Exponential Functions are Linearly Independent Let $c_1, c_2,\dots, c_n$ be mutually distinct real numbers. Show that exponential functions $e^{c_1x}, e^{c_2x}, \dots, e^{c_nx}$ are linearly independent over $\R$. Hint. Consider a linear combination $a_1 e^{c_1 x}+a_2 e^{c_2x}+\cdots + a_ne^{c_nx}=0.$ […]
• Give a Formula for a Linear Transformation if the Values on Basis Vectors are Known Let $T: \R^2 \to \R^2$ be a linear transformation. Let $\mathbf{u}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}=\begin{bmatrix} 3 \\ 5 \end{bmatrix}$ be 2-dimensional vectors. Suppose that \begin{align*} T(\mathbf{u})&=T\left( \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ […]
• Find All the Square Roots of a Given 2 by 2 Matrix Let $A$ be a square matrix. A matrix $B$ satisfying $B^2=A$ is call a square root of $A$. Find all the square roots of the matrix $A=\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 2\\ 2& 2 \end{bmatrix}.$   Proof. Diagonalize $A$. We first diagonalize the matrix […]
• In which $\R^k$, are the Nullspace and Range Subspaces? Let $A$ be an $m \times n$ matrix. Suppose that the nullspace of $A$ is a plane in $\R^3$ and the range is spanned by a nonzero vector $\mathbf{v}$ in $\R^5$. Determine $m$ and $n$. Also, find the rank and nullity of $A$.   Solution. For an $m \times n$ matrix $A$, the […]
• Linear Transformation and a Basis of the Vector Space $\R^3$ Let $T$ be a linear transformation from the vector space $\R^3$ to $\R^3$. Suppose that $k=3$ is the smallest positive integer such that $T^k=\mathbf{0}$ (the zero linear transformation) and suppose that we have $\mathbf{x}\in \R^3$ such that $T^2\mathbf{x}\neq \mathbf{0}$. Show […]
• Compute Power of Matrix If Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Are Given Let $A$ be a $3\times 3$ matrix. Suppose that $A$ has eigenvalues $2$ and $-1$, and suppose that $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ are eigenvectors corresponding to $2$ and $-1$, respectively, where $\mathbf{u}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ -1 \end{bmatrix} \text{ […] • Find a Basis of the Subspace Spanned by Four Polynomials of Degree 3 or Less Let \calP_3 be the vector space of all polynomials of degree 3 or less. Let \[S=\{p_1(x), p_2(x), p_3(x), p_4(x)\},$ where \begin{align*} p_1(x)&=1+3x+2x^2-x^3 & p_2(x)&=x+x^3\\ p_3(x)&=x+x^2-x^3 & p_4(x)&=3+8x+8x^3. \end{align*} (a) […]
• The Number of Elements Satisfying $g^5=e$ in a Finite Group is Odd Let $G$ be a finite group. Let $S$ be the set of elements $g$ such that $g^5=e$, where $e$ is the identity element in the group $G$. Prove that the number of elements in $S$ is odd.   Proof. Let $g\neq e$ be an element in the group $G$ such that $g^5=e$. As […]