Tagged: linear algebra

The Range and Null Space of the Zero Transformation of Vector Spaces

Problem 555

Let $U$ and $V$ be vector spaces over a scalar field $\F$.
Define the map $T:U\to V$ by $T(\mathbf{u})=\mathbf{0}_V$ for each vector $\mathbf{u}\in U$.

(a) Prove that $T:U\to V$ is a linear transformation.
(Hence, $T$ is called the zero transformation.)

(b) Determine the null space $\calN(T)$ and the range $\calR(T)$ of $T$.

 
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Find the Inverse Linear Transformation if the Linear Transformation is an Isomorphism

Problem 553

Let $T:\R^3 \to \R^3$ be the linear transformation defined by the formula
\[T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
x_3
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)=\begin{bmatrix}
x_1+3x_2-2x_3 \\
2x_1+3x_2 \\
x_2-x_3
\end{bmatrix}.\]

Determine whether $T$ is an isomorphism and if so find the formula for the inverse linear transformation $T^{-1}$.

 
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Find the Inverse Matrices if Matrices are Invertible by Elementary Row Operations

Problem 552

For each of the following $3\times 3$ matrices $A$, determine whether $A$ is invertible and find the inverse $A^{-1}$ if exists by computing the augmented matrix $[A|I]$, where $I$ is the $3\times 3$ identity matrix.

(a) $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 3 & -2 \\
2 &3 &0 \\
0 & 1 & -1
\end{bmatrix}$
 
(b) $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 2 \\
-1 &-3 &2 \\
3 & 6 & -2
\end{bmatrix}$.

 
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Rotation Matrix in the Plane and its Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors

Problem 550

Consider the $2\times 2$ matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
\cos \theta & -\sin \theta\\
\sin \theta& \cos \theta \end{bmatrix},\] where $\theta$ is a real number $0\leq \theta < 2\pi$.

 

(a) Find the characteristic polynomial of the matrix $A$.

(b) Find the eigenvalues of the matrix $A$.

(c) Determine the eigenvectors corresponding to each of the eigenvalues of $A$.

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A One Side Inverse Matrix is the Inverse Matrix: If $AB=I$, then $BA=I$

Problem 548

An $n\times n$ matrix $A$ is said to be invertible if there exists an $n\times n$ matrix $B$ such that

  1. $AB=I$, and
  2. $BA=I$,

where $I$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix.

If such a matrix $B$ exists, then it is known to be unique and called the inverse matrix of $A$, denoted by $A^{-1}$.


In this problem, we prove that if $B$ satisfies the first condition, then it automatically satisfies the second condition.
So if we know $AB=I$, then we can conclude that $B=A^{-1}$.


Let $A$ and $B$ be $n\times n$ matrices.
Suppose that we have $AB=I$, where $I$ is the $n \times n$ identity matrix.

Prove that $BA=I$, and hence $A^{-1}=B$.

 
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Find Inverse Matrices Using Adjoint Matrices

Problem 546

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix.

The $(i, j)$ cofactor $C_{ij}$ of $A$ is defined to be
\[C_{ij}=(-1)^{ij}\det(M_{ij}),\] where $M_{ij}$ is the $(i,j)$ minor matrix obtained from $A$ removing the $i$-th row and $j$-th column.

Then consider the $n\times n$ matrix $C=(C_{ij})$, and define the $n\times n$ matrix $\Adj(A)=C^{\trans}$.
The matrix $\Adj(A)$ is called the adjoint matrix of $A$.

When $A$ is invertible, then its inverse can be obtained by the formula

\[A^{-1}=\frac{1}{\det(A)}\Adj(A).\]

For each of the following matrices, determine whether it is invertible, and if so, then find the invertible matrix using the above formula.

(a) $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 5 & 2 \\
0 &-1 &2 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}$.

 
(b) $B=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 2 \\
0 &1 &4 \\
3 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}$.

 
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The Inner Product on $\R^2$ induced by a Positive Definite Matrix and Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization

Problem 539

Consider the $2\times 2$ real matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1\\
1& 3
\end{bmatrix}.\]

(a) Prove that the matrix $A$ is positive definite.

(b) Since $A$ is positive definite by part (a), the formula
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans} A \mathbf{y}\] for $\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y} \in \R^2$ defines an inner product on $\R^n$.
Consider $\R^2$ as an inner product space with this inner product.

Prove that the unit vectors
\[\mathbf{e}_1=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{e}_2=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}\] are not orthogonal in the inner product space $\R^2$.

(c) Find an orthogonal basis $\{\mathbf{v}_1, \mathbf{v}_2\}$ of $\R^2$ from the basis $\{\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_2\}$ using the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process.

 
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A Symmetric Positive Definite Matrix and An Inner Product on a Vector Space

Problem 538

(a) Suppose that $A$ is an $n\times n$ real symmetric positive definite matrix.
Prove that
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans}A\mathbf{y}\] defines an inner product on the vector space $\R^n$.

(b) Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ real matrix. Suppose that
\[\langle \mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}\rangle:=\mathbf{x}^{\trans}A\mathbf{y}\] defines an inner product on the vector space $\R^n$.

Prove that $A$ is symmetric and positive definite.

 
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Diagonalize the Complex Symmetric 3 by 3 Matrix with $\sin x$ and $\cos x$

Problem 533

Consider the complex matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
\sqrt{2}\cos x & i \sin x & 0 \\
i \sin x &0 &-i \sin x \\
0 & -i \sin x & -\sqrt{2} \cos x
\end{bmatrix},\] where $x$ is a real number between $0$ and $2\pi$.

Determine for which values of $x$ the matrix $A$ is diagonalizable.
When $A$ is diagonalizable, find a diagonal matrix $D$ so that $P^{-1}AP=D$ for some nonsingular matrix $P$.

 
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Is the Linear Transformation Between the Vector Space of 2 by 2 Matrices an Isomorphism?

Problem 528

Let $V$ denote the vector space of all real $2\times 2$ matrices.
Suppose that the linear transformation from $V$ to $V$ is given as below.
\[T(A)=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 3\\
5 & 7
\end{bmatrix}A-A\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 3\\
5 & 7
\end{bmatrix}.\] Prove or disprove that the linear transformation $T:V\to V$ is an isomorphism.

 
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Unit Vectors and Idempotent Matrices

Problem 527

A square matrix $A$ is called idempotent if $A^2=A$.


(a) Let $\mathbf{u}$ be a vector in $\R^n$ with length $1$.
Define the matrix $P$ to be $P=\mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^{\trans}$.

Prove that $P$ is an idempotent matrix.


(b) Suppose that $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ be unit vectors in $\R^n$ such that $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ are orthogonal.
Let $Q=\mathbf{u}\mathbf{u}^{\trans}+\mathbf{v}\mathbf{v}^{\trans}$.

Prove that $Q$ is an idempotent matrix.


(c) Prove that each nonzero vector of the form $a\mathbf{u}+b\mathbf{v}$ for some $a, b\in \R$ is an eigenvector corresponding to the eigenvalue $1$ for the matrix $Q$ in part (b).

 
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Top 10 Popular Math Problems in 2016-2017

It’s been a year since I started this math blog!!

More than 500 problems were posted during a year (July 19th 2016-July 19th 2017).

I made a list of the 10 math problems on this blog that have the most views.

Can you solve all of them?


The level of difficulty among the top 10 problems.
【★★★】 Difficult (Final Exam Level)
【★★☆】 Standard(Midterm Exam Level)
【★☆☆】 Easy (Homework Level)
 
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