# Tagged: null space

## Problem 704

Let $A=\begin{bmatrix} 2 & 4 & 6 & 8 \\ 1 &3 & 0 & 5 \\ 1 & 1 & 6 & 3 \end{bmatrix}$.
(a) Find a basis for the nullspace of $A$.

(b) Find a basis for the row space of $A$.

(c) Find a basis for the range of $A$ that consists of column vectors of $A$.

(d) For each column vector which is not a basis vector that you obtained in part (c), express it as a linear combination of the basis vectors for the range of $A$.

## Problem 578

Let $V$ be a subset of $\R^4$ consisting of vectors that are perpendicular to vectors $\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{b}$ and $\mathbf{c}$, where
$\mathbf{a}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{b}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{c}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ -1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}.$

Namely,
$V=\{\mathbf{x}\in \R^4 \mid \mathbf{a}^{\trans}\mathbf{x}=0, \mathbf{b}^{\trans}\mathbf{x}=0, \text{ and } \mathbf{c}^{\trans}\mathbf{x}=0\}.$

(a) Prove that $V$ is a subspace of $\R^4$.

(b) Find a basis of $V$.

(c) Determine the dimension of $V$.

## Problem 540

Let $U$ and $V$ be vector spaces over a scalar field $\F$.
Let $T: U \to V$ be a linear transformation.

Prove that $T$ is injective (one-to-one) if and only if the nullity of $T$ is zero.

## Problem 484

Let $A$ be a square matrix and its characteristic polynomial is given by
$p(t)=(t-1)^3(t-2)^2(t-3)^4(t-4).$ Find the rank of $A$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 480

(a) Let $S$ be the subset of $\R^4$ consisting of vectors $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ w \end{bmatrix}$ satisfying
$2x+4y+3z+7w+1=0.$ Determine whether $S$ is a subspace of $\R^4$. If so prove it. If not, explain why it is not a subspace.

(b) Let $S$ be the subset of $\R^4$ consisting of vectors $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ w \end{bmatrix}$ satisfying
$2x+4y+3z+7w=0.$ Determine whether $S$ is a subspace of $\R^4$. If so prove it. If not, explain why it is not a subspace.

(These two problems look similar but note that the equations are different.)

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 450

Let $\mathbf{u}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ and $T:\R^3 \to \R^3$ be the linear transformation
$T(\mathbf{x})=\proj_{\mathbf{u}}\mathbf{x}=\left(\, \frac{\mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{x}}{\mathbf{u}\cdot \mathbf{u}} \,\right)\mathbf{u}.$

(a) Calculate the null space $\calN(T)$, a basis for $\calN(T)$ and nullity of $T$.

(b) Only by using part (a) and no other calculations, find $\det(A)$, where $A$ is the matrix representation of $T$ with respect to the standard basis of $\R^3$.

(c) Calculate the range $\calR(T)$, a basis for $\calR(T)$ and the rank of $T$.

(d) Calculate the matrix $A$ representing $T$ with respect to the standard basis for $\R^3$.

(e) Let
$B=\left\{\, \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} -1 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ -1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \,\right\}$ be a basis for $\R^3$.
Calculate the coordinates of $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix}$ with respect to $B$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 435

Let $\calF[0, 2\pi]$ be the vector space of all real valued functions defined on the interval $[0, 2\pi]$.
Define the map $f:\R^2 \to \calF[0, 2\pi]$ by
$\left(\, f\left(\, \begin{bmatrix} \alpha \\ \beta \end{bmatrix} \,\right) \,\right)(x):=\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x.$ We put
$V:=\im f=\{\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x \in \calF[0, 2\pi] \mid \alpha, \beta \in \R\}.$

(a) Prove that the map $f$ is a linear transformation.

(b) Prove that the set $\{\cos x, \sin x\}$ is a basis of the vector space $V$.

(c) Prove that the kernel is trivial, that is, $\ker f=\{\mathbf{0}\}$.
(This yields an isomorphism of $\R^2$ and $V$.)

(d) Define a map $g:V \to V$ by
$g(\alpha \cos x + \beta \sin x):=\frac{d}{dx}(\alpha \cos x+ \beta \sin x)=\beta \cos x -\alpha \sin x.$ Prove that the map $g$ is a linear transformation.

(e) Find the matrix representation of the linear transformation $g$ with respect to the basis $\{\cos x, \sin x\}$.

(Kyoto University, Linear Algebra exam problem)

## Problem 429

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ idempotent matrix, that is, $A^2=A$. Then prove that $A$ is diagonalizable.

## Problem 400

Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 10001 & 3 & 5 & 7 &9 & 11 \\ 1 & 10003 & 5 & 7 & 9 & 11 \\ 1 & 3 & 10005 & 7 & 9 & 11 \\ 1 & 3 & 5 & 10007 & 9 & 11 \\ 1 &3 & 5 & 7 & 10009 & 11 \\ 1 &3 & 5 & 7 & 9 & 10011 \end{bmatrix}.$

(MIT, Linear Algebra Homework Problem)

## Problem 395

Suppose that the vectors
$\mathbf{v}_1=\begin{bmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{v}_2=\begin{bmatrix} -4 \\ 0 \\ -3 \\ -2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$ are a basis vectors for the null space of a $4\times 5$ matrix $A$. Find a vector $\mathbf{x}$ such that
$\mathbf{x}\neq0, \quad \mathbf{x}\neq \mathbf{v}_1, \quad \mathbf{x}\neq \mathbf{v}_2,$ and
$A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}.$

(Stanford University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 392

Let $V$ be the subspace of $\R^4$ defined by the equation
$x_1-x_2+2x_3+6x_4=0.$ Find a linear transformation $T$ from $\R^3$ to $\R^4$ such that the null space $\calN(T)=\{\mathbf{0}\}$ and the range $\calR(T)=V$. Describe $T$ by its matrix $A$.

## Problem 387

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Its only eigenvalues are $1, 2, 3, 4, 5$, possibly with multiplicities.

What is the nullity of the matrix $A+I_n$, where $I_n$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix?

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 386

Find all eigenvalues of the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & i & i & i \\ i &0 & i & i \\ i & i & 0 & i \\ i & i & i & 0 \end{bmatrix},$ where $i=\sqrt{-1}$. For each eigenvalue of $A$, determine its algebraic multiplicity and geometric multiplicity.

## Problem 384

Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix with the characteristic polynomial
$p(t)=t^3(t-1)^2(t-2)^5(t+2)^4.$ Assume that the matrix $A$ is diagonalizable.

(a) Find the size of the matrix $A$.

(b) Find the dimension of the eigenspace $E_2$ corresponding to the eigenvalue $\lambda=2$.

(c) Find the nullity of $A$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)

## Problem 376

(a) Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 &1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ Find the eigenvalues of the matrix $A$. Also give the algebraic multiplicity of each eigenvalue.

(b) Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 &1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ One of the eigenvalues of the matrix $A$ is $\lambda=0$. Find the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue $\lambda=0$.

## Problem 371

Let $S$ be the subset of $\R^4$ consisting of vectors $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ w \end{bmatrix}$ satisfying
$2x+3y+5z+7w=0.$ Then prove that the set $S$ is a subspace of $\R^4$.

(Linear Algebra Exam Problem, The Ohio State University)

## Problem 366

Let $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1 \\ 0 &1 &0 \end{bmatrix}$.

(a) Find an orthonormal basis of the null space of $A$.

(b) Find the rank of $A$.

(c) Find an orthonormal basis of the row space of $A$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 352

A hyperplane in $n$-dimensional vector space $\R^n$ is defined to be the set of vectors
$\begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ \vdots \\ x_n \end{bmatrix}\in \R^n$ satisfying the linear equation of the form
$a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=b,$ where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ (at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero) and $b$ are real numbers.
Here at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero.

Consider the hyperplane $P$ in $\R^n$ described by the linear equation
$a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=0,$ where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ are some fixed real numbers and not all of these are zero.
(The constant term $b$ is zero.)

Then prove that the hyperplane $P$ is a subspace of $R^{n}$ of dimension $n-1$.

## Problem 327

Let $A$ be the matrix for a linear transformation $T:\R^n \to \R^n$ with respect to the standard basis of $\R^n$.
We assume that $A$ is idempotent, that is, $A^2=A$.
Then prove that
$\R^n=\im(T) \oplus \ker(T).$

## Problem 313

(a) Let $A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 3 &6 &4 \end{bmatrix}$ and let
$\mathbf{a}=\begin{bmatrix} -3 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{b}=\begin{bmatrix} -2 \\ 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, \qquad \mathbf{c}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ For each of the vectors $\mathbf{a}, \mathbf{b}, \mathbf{c}$, determine whether the vector is in the null space $\calN(A)$. Do the same for the range $\calR(A)$.

(b) Find a basis of the null space of the matrix $B=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 2 \\ -2 &-2 &-4 \end{bmatrix}$.