Let $\mathbf{v}$ be a nonzero vector in $\R^n$.
Then the dot product $\mathbf{v}\cdot \mathbf{v}=\mathbf{v}^{\trans}\mathbf{v}\neq 0$.
Set $a:=\frac{2}{\mathbf{v}^{\trans}\mathbf{v}}$ and define the $n\times n$ matrix $A$ by
\[A=I-a\mathbf{v}\mathbf{v}^{\trans},\]
where $I$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix.
Prove that $A$ is a symmetric matrix and $AA=I$.
Conclude that the inverse matrix is $A^{-1}=A$.
Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Suppose that $\mathbf{y}$ is a nonzero row vector such that
\[\mathbf{y}A=\mathbf{y}.\]
(Here a row vector means a $1\times n$ matrix.)
Prove that there is a nonzero column vector $\mathbf{x}$ such that
\[A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{x}.\]
(Here a column vector means an $n \times 1$ matrix.)
(a) The given matrix is the augmented matrix for a system of linear equations.
Give the vector form for the general solution.
\[ \left[\begin{array}{rrrrr|r}
1 & 0 & -1 & 0 &-2 & 0 \\
0 & 1 & 2 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 1 & 1 & 0 \\
\end{array} \right].\]
(b) Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 &5 &6
\end{bmatrix}, B=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 1 \\
0 &1 &0
\end{bmatrix}, C=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2\\
0& 6
\end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{v}=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Then compute and simplify the following expression.
\[\mathbf{v}^{\trans}\left( A^{\trans}-(A-B)^{\trans}\right)C.\]
Let $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$ be vectors in $\R^n$ such that their length are
\[\|\mathbf{a}\|=\|\mathbf{b}\|=1\]
and the inner product
\[\mathbf{a}\cdot \mathbf{b}=\mathbf{a}^{\trans}\mathbf{b}=-\frac{1}{2}.\]
Then determine the length $\|\mathbf{a}-\mathbf{b}\|$.
(Note that this length is the distance between $\mathbf{a}$ and $\mathbf{b}$.)
For a real number $0\leq \theta \leq \pi$, we define the real $3\times 3$ matrix $A$ by
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
\cos\theta & -\sin\theta & 0 \\
\sin\theta &\cos\theta &0 \\
0 & 0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Let $V$ be the vector space over $\R$ consisting of all $n\times n$ real matrices for some fixed integer $n$. Prove or disprove that the following subsets of $V$ are subspaces of $V$.
(a) The set $S$ consisting of all $n\times n$ symmetric matrices.
(b) The set $T$ consisting of all $n \times n$ skew-symmetric matrices.
(c) The set $U$ consisting of all $n\times n$ nonsingular matrices.
Let $A$ be an $m\times n$ matrix. The nullspace of $A$ is denoted by $\calN(A)$.
The dimension of the nullspace of $A$ is called the nullity of $A$.
Prove the followings.