Category: Module Theory

A Module is Irreducible if and only if It is a Cyclic Module With Any Nonzero Element as Generator

Problem 434

Let $R$ be a ring with $1$.
A nonzero $R$-module $M$ is called irreducible if $0$ and $M$ are the only submodules of $M$.
(It is also called a simple module.)

(a) Prove that a nonzero $R$-module $M$ is irreducible if and only if $M$ is a cyclic module with any nonzero element as its generator.

(b) Determine all the irreducible $\Z$-modules.

 
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Finitely Generated Torsion Module Over an Integral Domain Has a Nonzero Annihilator

Problem 432

(a) Let $R$ be an integral domain and let $M$ be a finitely generated torsion $R$-module.
Prove that the module $M$ has a nonzero annihilator.
In other words, show that there is a nonzero element $r\in R$ such that $rm=0$ for all $m\in M$.
Here $r$ does not depend on $m$.

(b) Find an example of an integral domain $R$ and a torsion $R$-module $M$ whose annihilator is the zero ideal.

 
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Difference Between Ring Homomorphisms and Module Homomorphisms

Problem 422

Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and consider $R$ as a module over itself.

(a) Determine whether every module homomorphism $\phi:R\to R$ is a ring homomorphism.

(b) Determine whether every ring homomorphism $\phi: R\to R$ is a module homomorphism.

(c) If $\phi:R\to R$ is both a module homomorphism and a ring homomorphism, what can we say about $\phi$?

 
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Linearly Dependent Module Elements / Module Homomorphism and Linearly Independency

Problem 415

(a) Let $R$ be a commutative ring. If we regard $R$ as a left $R$-module, then prove that any two distinct elements of the module $R$ are linearly dependent.

(b) Let $f: M\to M’$ be a left $R$-module homomorphism. Let $\{x_1, \dots, x_n\}$ be a subset in $M$. Prove that if the set $\{f(x_1), \dots, f(x_n)\}$ is linearly independent, then the set $\{x_1, \dots, x_n\}$ is also linearly independent.
 
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Annihilator of a Submodule is a 2-Sided Ideal of a Ring

Problem 410

Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and let $M$ be a left $R$-module.
Let $S$ be a subset of $M$. The annihilator of $S$ in $R$ is the subset of the ring $R$ defined to be
\[\Ann_R(S)=\{ r\in R\mid rx=0 \text{ for all } x\in S\}.\] (If $rx=0, r\in R, x\in S$, then we say $r$ annihilates $x$.)

Suppose that $N$ is a submodule of $M$. Then prove that the annihilator
\[\Ann_R(N)=\{ r\in R\mid rn=0 \text{ for all } n\in N\}\] of $M$ in $R$ is a $2$-sided ideal of $R$.

 
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Torsion Submodule, Integral Domain, and Zero Divisors

Problem 409

Let $R$ be a ring with $1$. An element of the $R$-module $M$ is called a torsion element if $rm=0$ for some nonzero element $r\in R$.
The set of torsion elements is denoted
\[\Tor(M)=\{m \in M \mid rm=0 \text{ for some nonzero} r\in R\}.\]

(a) Prove that if $R$ is an integral domain, then $\Tor(M)$ is a submodule of $M$.
(Remark: an integral domain is a commutative ring by definition.) In this case the submodule $\Tor(M)$ is called torsion submodule of $M$.

(b) Find an example of a ring $R$ and an $R$-module $M$ such that $\Tor(M)$ is not a submodule.

(c) If $R$ has nonzero zero divisors, then show that every nonzero $R$-module has nonzero torsion element.

 
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Basic Exercise Problems in Module Theory

Problem 408

Let $R$ be a ring with $1$ and $M$ be a left $R$-module.

(a) Prove that $0_Rm=0_M$ for all $m \in M$.

Here $0_R$ is the zero element in the ring $R$ and $0_M$ is the zero element in the module $M$, that is, the identity element of the additive group $M$.
To simplify the notations, we ignore the subscripts and simply write
\[0m=0.\] You must be able to and must judge which zero elements are used from the context.

(b) Prove that $r0=0$ for all $s\in R$. Here both zeros are $0_M$.

(c) Prove that $(-1)m=-m$ for all $m \in M$.

(d) Assume that $rm=0$ for some $r\in R$ and some nonzero element $m\in M$. Prove that $r$ does not have a left inverse.

 
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