An $n\times n$ matrix $A$ is said to be invertible if there exists an $n\times n$ matrix $B$ such that
$AB=I$, and
$BA=I$,
where $I$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix.
If such a matrix $B$ exists, then it is known to be unique and called the inverse matrix of $A$, denoted by $A^{-1}$.
In this problem, we prove that if $B$ satisfies the first condition, then it automatically satisfies the second condition.
So if we know $AB=I$, then we can conclude that $B=A^{-1}$.
Let $A$ and $B$ be $n\times n$ matrices.
Suppose that we have $AB=I$, where $I$ is the $n \times n$ identity matrix.
Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ complex matrix.
Let $S$ be an invertible matrix.
(a) If $SAS^{-1}=\lambda A$ for some complex number $\lambda$, then prove that either $\lambda^n=1$ or $A$ is a singular matrix.
(b) If $n$ is odd and $SAS^{-1}=-A$, then prove that $0$ is an eigenvalue of $A$.
(c) Suppose that all the eigenvalues of $A$ are integers and $\det(A) > 0$. If $n$ is odd and $SAS^{-1}=A^{-1}$, then prove that $1$ is an eigenvalue of $A$.
Determine whether each of the following statements is True or False.
(a) If $A$ and $B$ are $n \times n$ matrices, and $P$ is an invertible $n \times n$ matrix such that $A=PBP^{-1}$, then $\det(A)=\det(B)$.
(b) If the characteristic polynomial of an $n \times n$ matrix $A$ is
\[p(\lambda)=(\lambda-1)^n+2,\]
then $A$ is invertible.
(c) If $A^2$ is an invertible $n\times n$ matrix, then $A^3$ is also invertible.
(d) If $A$ is a $3\times 3$ matrix such that $\det(A)=7$, then $\det(2A^{\trans}A^{-1})=2$.
(e) If $\mathbf{v}$ is an eigenvector of an $n \times n$ matrix $A$ with corresponding eigenvalue $\lambda_1$, and if $\mathbf{w}$ is an eigenvector of $A$ with corresponding eigenvalue $\lambda_2$, then $\mathbf{v}+\mathbf{w}$ is an eigenvector of $A$ with corresponding eigenvalue $\lambda_1+\lambda_2$.
(Stanford University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)
Determine the values of $x$ so that the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 1 & x \\
1 &x &x \\
x & x & x
\end{bmatrix}\]
is invertible.
For those values of $x$, find the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$.
(a) Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
3 & -2\\
6& -4
\end{bmatrix}.\]
(b) Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 3 \\
4 &5 &6 \\
7 & 0 & 9
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } B=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 3 &0 \\
0 & 0 & 4
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Then find the value of
\[\det(A^2B^{-1}A^{-2}B^2).\]
(For part (b) without computation, you may assume that $A$ and $B$ are invertible matrices.)
Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
3 & -12 & 4 \\
-1 &0 &-2 \\
-1 & 5 & -1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Then find all eigenvalues of $A^5$. If $A$ is invertible, then find all the eigenvalues of $A^{-1}$.
Each of the following sets are not a subspace of the specified vector space. For each set, give a reason why it is not a subspace. (1) \[S_1=\left \{\, \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
x_3
\end{bmatrix} \in \R^3 \quad \middle | \quad x_1\geq 0 \,\right \}\]
in the vector space $\R^3$.
(2) \[S_2=\left \{\, \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
x_3
\end{bmatrix} \in \R^3 \quad \middle | \quad x_1-4x_2+5x_3=2 \,\right \}\]
in the vector space $\R^3$.
(3) \[S_3=\left \{\, \begin{bmatrix}
x \\
y
\end{bmatrix}\in \R^2 \quad \middle | \quad y=x^2 \quad \,\right \}\]
in the vector space $\R^2$.
(4) Let $P_4$ be the vector space of all polynomials of degree $4$ or less with real coefficients.
\[S_4=\{ f(x)\in P_4 \mid f(1) \text{ is an integer}\}\]
in the vector space $P_4$.
(5) \[S_5=\{ f(x)\in P_4 \mid f(1) \text{ is a rational number}\}\]
in the vector space $P_4$.
(6) Let $M_{2 \times 2}$ be the vector space of all $2\times 2$ real matrices.
\[S_6=\{ A\in M_{2\times 2} \mid \det(A) \neq 0\} \]
in the vector space $M_{2\times 2}$.
(7) \[S_7=\{ A\in M_{2\times 2} \mid \det(A)=0\} \]
in the vector space $M_{2\times 2}$.
(Linear Algebra Exam Problem, the Ohio State University)
(8) Let $C[-1, 1]$ be the vector space of all real continuous functions defined on the interval $[a, b]$.
\[S_8=\{ f(x)\in C[-2,2] \mid f(-1)f(1)=0\} \]
in the vector space $C[-2, 2]$.
(9) \[S_9=\{ f(x) \in C[-1, 1] \mid f(x)\geq 0 \text{ for all } -1\leq x \leq 1\}\]
in the vector space $C[-1, 1]$.
(10) Let $C^2[a, b]$ be the vector space of all real-valued functions $f(x)$ defined on $[a, b]$, where $f(x), f'(x)$, and $f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ are continuous on $[a, b]$. Here $f'(x), f^{\prime\prime}(x)$ are the first and second derivative of $f(x)$.
\[S_{10}=\{ f(x) \in C^2[-1, 1] \mid f^{\prime\prime}(x)+f(x)=\sin(x) \text{ for all } -1\leq x \leq 1\}\]
in the vector space $C[-1, 1]$.
(11) Let $S_{11}$ be the set of real polynomials of degree exactly $k$, where $k \geq 1$ is an integer, in the vector space $P_k$.
(12) Let $V$ be a vector space and $W \subset V$ a vector subspace. Define the subset $S_{12}$ to be the complement of $W$,
\[ V \setminus W = \{ \mathbf{v} \in V \mid \mathbf{v} \not\in W \}.\]