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• The Polynomial Rings $\Z[x]$ and $\Q[x]$ are Not Isomorphic Prove that the rings $\Z[x]$ and $\Q[x]$ are not isomoprhic.   Proof. We give three proofs. The first two proofs use only the properties of ring homomorphism. The third proof resort to the units of rings. If you are familiar with units of $\Z[x]$, then the […]
• Compute Determinant of a Matrix Using Linearly Independent Vectors Let $A$ be a $3 \times 3$ matrix. Let $\mathbf{x}, \mathbf{y}, \mathbf{z}$ are linearly independent $3$-dimensional vectors. Suppose that we have \[A\mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, A\mathbf{y}=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \\ 0 […]
• Every Prime Ideal of a Finite Commutative Ring is Maximal Let $R$ be a finite commutative ring with identity $1$. Prove that every prime ideal of $R$ is a maximal ideal of $R$. Proof. We give two proofs. The first proof uses a result of a previous problem. The second proof is self-contained. Proof 1. Let $I$ be a prime ideal […]
• Every Finite Group Having More than Two Elements Has a Nontrivial Automorphism Prove that every finite group having more than two elements has a nontrivial automorphism. (Michigan State University, Abstract Algebra Qualifying Exam)   Proof. Let $G$ be a finite group and $|G|> 2$. Case When $G$ is a Non-Abelian Group Let us first […]
• Find the Nullity of the Matrix $A+I$ if Eigenvalues are $1, 2, 3, 4, 5$ Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Its only eigenvalues are $1, 2, 3, 4, 5$, possibly with multiplicities. What is the nullity of the matrix $A+I_n$, where $I_n$ is the $n\times n$ identity matrix? (The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam […]
• Rank and Nullity of Linear Transformation From $\R^3$ to $\R^2$ Let $T:\R^3 \to \R^2$ be a linear transformation such that \[ T(\mathbf{e}_1)=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}, T(\mathbf{e}_2)=\begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, T(\mathbf{e}_3)=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix},\] where $\mathbf{e}_1, […]
• Sum of Squares of Hermitian Matrices is Zero, then Hermitian Matrices Are All Zero Let $A_1, A_2, \dots, A_m$ be $n\times n$ Hermitian matrices. Show that if \[A_1^2+A_2^2+\cdots+A_m^2=\calO,\] where $\calO$ is the $n \times n$ zero matrix, then we have $A_i=\calO$ for each $i=1,2, \dots, m$.   Hint. Recall that a complex matrix $A$ is Hermitian if […]
• The Range and Nullspace of the Linear Transformation $T (f) (x) = x f(x)$ For an integer $n > 0$, let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis. Let $T : \mathrm{P}_n \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{n+1}$ be the map defined by, […]