Let $V$ denote the vector space of $2 \times 2$ matrices, and $W$ the vector space of $3 \times 2$ matrices. Define the linear transformation $T : V \rightarrow W$ by
\[T \left( \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \right) = \begin{bmatrix} a+b & 2d \\ 2b – d & -3c \\ 2b – c & -3a \end{bmatrix}.\]
Find a basis for the range of $T$.
Add to solve later For a square matrix $M$, its matrix exponential is defined by
\[e^M = \sum_{i=0}^\infty \frac{M^k}{k!}.\]
Suppose that $M$ is a diagonal matrix
\[ M = \begin{bmatrix} m_{1 1} & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & m_{2 2} & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & m_{3 3} & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & m_{n n} \end{bmatrix}.\]
Find the matrix exponential $e^M$.
Add to solve later Let $C([-1, 1])$ denote the vector space of real-valued functions on the interval $[-1, 1]$. Define the vector subspace
\[W = \{ f \in C([-1, 1]) \mid f(0) = 0 \}.\]
Define the map $T : C([-1, 1]) \rightarrow W$ by $T(f)(x) = f(x) – f(0)$. Determine if $T$ is a linear map. If it is, determine its nullspace and range.
Add to solve later For an integer $n > 0$, let $\mathrm{P}_n$ denote the vector space of polynomials with real coefficients of degree $2$ or less. Define the map $T : \mathrm{P}_2 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_4$ by
\[ T(f)(x) = f(x^2).\]
Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation.
If it is, find the matrix representation for $T$ relative to the basis $\mathcal{B} = \{ 1 , x , x^2 \}$ of $\mathrm{P}_2$ and $\mathcal{C} = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , x^3 , x^4 \}$ of $\mathrm{P}_4$.
Add to solve later Let $C ([0, 3] )$ be the vector space of real functions on the interval $[0, 3]$. Let $\mathrm{P}_3$ denote the set of real polynomials of degree $3$ or less.
Define the map $T : C ([0, 3] ) \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3 $ by
\[T(f)(x) = f(0) + f(1) \cdot x + f(2) \cdot x^2 + f(3) \cdot x^3.\]
Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation. If it is, determine its nullspace.
Add to solve later Let $C (\mathbb{R})$ be the vector space of real functions. Define the map $T$ by $T(f)(x) = (f(x))^2$ for $f \in C(\mathbb{R})$.
Determine if $T$ is a linear transformation or not. If it is, determine the range of $T$.
Add to solve later Let $V$ be the vector space of $2 \times 2$ matrices with real entries, and $\mathrm{P}_3$ the vector space of real polynomials of degree 3 or less. Define the linear transformation $T : V \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ by
\[T \left( \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \right) = 2a + (b-d)x – (a+c)x^2 + (a+b-c-d)x^3.\]
Find the rank and nullity of $T$.
Add to solve later The space $C^{\infty} (\mathbb{R})$ is the vector space of real functions which are infinitely differentiable. Let $T : C^{\infty} (\mathbb{R}) \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ be the map which takes $f \in C^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})$ to its third order Taylor polynomial, specifically defined by
\[ T(f)(x) = f(0) + f'(0) x + \frac{f^{\prime\prime}(0)}{2} x^2 + \frac{f^{\prime \prime \prime}(0)}{6} x^3.\]
Here, $f’, f^{\prime\prime}$ and $f^{\prime \prime \prime}$ denote the first, second, and third derivatives of $f$, respectively.
Prove that $T$ is a linear transformation.
Add to solve later Let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis. Let $T : \mathrm{P}_4 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{4}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_4$,
\[ T (f) (x) = f(x) – x – 1.\]
Determine if $T(x)$ is a linear transformation. If it is, find the matrix representation of $T$ relative to the standard basis of $\mathrm{P}_4$.
Add to solve later Let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis.
Let $T : \mathrm{P}_3 \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{5}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_3$,
\[T (f) (x) = ( x^2 – 2) f(x).\]
Determine if $T(x)$ is a linear transformation. If it is, find the matrix representation of $T$ relative to the standard basis of $\mathrm{P}_3$ and $\mathrm{P}_{5}$.
Add to solve later For an integer $n > 0$, let $\mathrm{P}_n$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree at most $n$. The set $B = \{ 1 , x , x^2 , \cdots , x^n \}$ is a basis of $\mathrm{P}_n$, called the standard basis.
Let $T : \mathrm{P}_n \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_{n+1}$ be the map defined by, for $f \in \mathrm{P}_n$,
\[T (f) (x) = x f(x).\]
Prove that $T$ is a linear transformation, and find its range and nullspace.
Add to solve later Determine whether the following matrices are nonsingular or not.
(a) $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 1 \\
2 &1 &2 \\
1 & 0 & -1
\end{bmatrix}$.
(b) $B=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & 1 & 2 \\
1 &0 &1 \\
4 & 1 & 4
\end{bmatrix}$.
Add to solve later Determine the values of a real number $a$ such that the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
3 & 0 & a \\
2 &3 &0 \\
0 & 18a & a+1
\end{bmatrix}\]
is nonsingular.
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Add to solve later (a) Suppose that a $3\times 3$ system of linear equations is inconsistent. Is the coefficient matrix of the system nonsingular?
(b) Suppose that a $3\times 3$ homogeneous system of linear equations has a solution $x_1=0, x_2=-3, x_3=5$. Is the coefficient matrix of the system nonsingular?
(c) Let $A$ be a $4\times 4$ matrix and let
\[\mathbf{v}=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
2 \\
3 \\
4
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and } \mathbf{w}=\begin{bmatrix}
4 \\
3 \\
2 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Suppose that we have $A\mathbf{v}=A\mathbf{w}$. Is the matrix $A$ nonsingular?
Add to solve later Consider the system of differential equations
\begin{align*}
\frac{\mathrm{d} x_1(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} & = 2 x_1(t) -x_2(t) -x_3(t)\\
\frac{\mathrm{d}x_2(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} & = -x_1(t)+2x_2(t) -x_3(t)\\
\frac{\mathrm{d}x_3(t)}{\mathrm{d}t} & = -x_1(t) -x_2(t) +2x_3(t)
\end{align*}
(a) Express the system in the matrix form.
(b) Find the general solution of the system.
(c) Find the solution of the system with the initial value $x_1=0, x_2=1, x_3=5$.
Add to solve later (a) Find all solutions of the linear dynamical system
\[\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}}{\mathrm{d}t} =\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0\\
0& 3
\end{bmatrix}\mathbf{x},\]
where $\mathbf{x}(t)=\mathbf{x}=\begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2
\end{bmatrix}$ is a function of the variable $t$.
(b) Solve the linear dynamical system
\[\frac{\mathrm{d}\mathbf{x}}{\mathrm{d}t}=\begin{bmatrix}
2 & -1\\
-1& 2
\end{bmatrix}\mathbf{x}\]
with the initial value $\mathbf{x}(0)=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
3
\end{bmatrix}$.
Add to solve later Let $\mathbf{P}_2$ be the vector space of polynomials of degree $2$ or less.
(a) Prove that the set $\{ 1 , 1 + x , (1 + x)^2 \}$ is a basis for $\mathbf{P}_2$.
(b) Write the polynomial $f(x) = 2 + 3x – x^2$ as a linear combination of the basis $\{ 1 , 1+x , (1+x)^2 \}$.
Add to solve later Let $V$ be the vector space of $k \times k$ matrices. Then for fixed matrices $R, S \in V$, define the subset $W = \{ R A S \mid A \in V \}$.
Prove that $W$ is a vector subspace of $V$.
Add to solve later Let $\R^2$ be the $x$-$y$-plane. Then $\R^2$ is a vector space. A line $\ell \subset \mathbb{R}^2$ with slope $m$ and $y$-intercept $b$ is defined by
\[ \ell = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 \mid y = mx + b \} .\]
Prove that $\ell$ is a subspace of $\mathbb{R}^2$ if and only if $b = 0$.
Add to solve later For what real values of $a$ is the set
\[W_a = \{ f \in C(\mathbb{R}) \mid f(0) = a \}\]
a subspace of the vector space $C(\mathbb{R})$ of all real-valued functions?
Add to solve later 
