Determine bases for $\calN(A)$ and $\calN(A^{T}A)$ when
\[
A=
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 2 & 1 \\
1 & 1 & 3 \\
0 & 0 & 0
\end{bmatrix}
.
\]
Then, determine the ranks and nullities of the matrices $A$ and $A^{\trans}A$.
Add to solve later Let $A$ be an $m \times n$ matrix.
Suppose that the nullspace of $A$ is a plane in $\R^3$ and the range is spanned by a nonzero vector $\mathbf{v}$ in $\R^5$. Determine $m$ and $n$. Also, find the rank and nullity of $A$.
Add to solve later Let $V$ be the vector space of $2 \times 2$ matrices with real entries, and $\mathrm{P}_3$ the vector space of real polynomials of degree 3 or less. Define the linear transformation $T : V \rightarrow \mathrm{P}_3$ by
\[T \left( \begin{bmatrix} a & b \\ c & d \end{bmatrix} \right) = 2a + (b-d)x – (a+c)x^2 + (a+b-c-d)x^3.\]
Find the rank and nullity of $T$.
Add to solve later Let $T:\R^2 \to \R^3$ be a linear transformation such that
\[T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
3 \\
2
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)
=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
2 \\
3
\end{bmatrix} \text{ and }
T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
4\\
3
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)
=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
-5 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
(a) Find the matrix representation of $T$ (with respect to the standard basis for $\R^2$).
(b) Determine the rank and nullity of $T$.
(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Midterm)
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Add to solve later Let $U$ and $V$ be finite dimensional vector spaces over a scalar field $\F$.
Consider a linear transformation $T:U\to V$.
Prove that if $\dim(U) > \dim(V)$, then $T$ cannot be injective (one-to-one).
Add to solve later Let $A$ be a square matrix and its characteristic polynomial is given by
\[p(t)=(t-1)^3(t-2)^2(t-3)^4(t-4).\]
Find the rank of $A$.
(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later Let $A$ be an $n\times n$ idempotent matrix, that is, $A^2=A$. Then prove that $A$ is diagonalizable.
Add to solve later Find all the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
3 & 9 & 9 & 9 \\
9 &3 & 9 & 9 \\
9 & 9 & 3 & 9 \\
9 & 9 & 9 & 3
\end{bmatrix}.\]
(Harvard University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)
Add to solve later (a) Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
1 &1 & 1 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 1 & 1 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Find the eigenvalues of the matrix $A$. Also give the algebraic multiplicity of each eigenvalue.
(b) Let
\[A=\begin{bmatrix}
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
1 &1 & 1 & 1 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
1 & 1 & 1 & 1
\end{bmatrix}.\]
One of the eigenvalues of the matrix $A$ is $\lambda=0$. Find the geometric multiplicity of the eigenvalue $\lambda=0$.
Add to solve later Let $T: \R^2 \to \R^2$ be a linear transformation such that
\[T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
1
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)=\begin{bmatrix}
4 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}, T\left(\, \begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1
\end{bmatrix} \,\right)=\begin{bmatrix}
3 \\
2
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Then find the matrix $A$ such that $T(\mathbf{x})=A\mathbf{x}$ for every $\mathbf{x}\in \R^2$, and find the rank and nullity of $T$.
(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later Let $T:\R^3 \to \R^2$ be a linear transformation such that
\[ T(\mathbf{e}_1)=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}, T(\mathbf{e}_2)=\begin{bmatrix}
0 \\
1
\end{bmatrix}, T(\mathbf{e}_3)=\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix},\]
where $\mathbf{e}_1, \mathbf{e}_2, \mathbf{e}_3$ are the standard basis of $\R^3$.
Then find the rank and the nullity of $T$.
(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later Let $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 & 1 \\
0 &1 &0
\end{bmatrix}$.
(a) Find an orthonormal basis of the null space of $A$.
(b) Find the rank of $A$.
(c) Find an orthonormal basis of the row space of $A$.
(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later A hyperplane in $n$-dimensional vector space $\R^n$ is defined to be the set of vectors
\[\begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
\vdots \\
x_n
\end{bmatrix}\in \R^n\]
satisfying the linear equation of the form
\[a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=b,\]
where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ (at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero) and $b$ are real numbers.
Here at least one of $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ is nonzero.
Consider the hyperplane $P$ in $\R^n$ described by the linear equation
\[a_1x_1+a_2x_2+\cdots+a_nx_n=0,\]
where $a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n$ are some fixed real numbers and not all of these are zero.
(The constant term $b$ is zero.)
Then prove that the hyperplane $P$ is a subspace of $R^{n}$ of dimension $n-1$.
Add to solve later Let $n$ be a positive integer. Let $T:\R^n \to \R$ be a non-zero linear transformation.
Prove the followings.
(a) The nullity of $T$ is $n-1$. That is, the dimension of the nullspace of $T$ is $n-1$.
(b) Let $B=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_{n-1}\}$ be a basis of the nullspace $\calN(T)$ of $T$.
Let $\mathbf{w}$ be the $n$-dimensional vector that is not in $\calN(T)$. Then
\[B’=\{\mathbf{v}_1, \cdots, \mathbf{v}_{n-1}, \mathbf{w}\}\]
is a basis of $\R^n$.
(c) Each vector $\mathbf{u}\in \R^n$ can be expressed as
\[\mathbf{u}=\mathbf{v}+\frac{T(\mathbf{u})}{T(\mathbf{w})}\mathbf{w}\]
for some vector $\mathbf{v}\in \calN(T)$.
Add to solve later (a) Let $A=\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 3 & 0 & 0 \\
1 &3 & 1 & 2 \\
1 & 3 & 1 & 2
\end{bmatrix}$.
Find a basis for the range $\calR(A)$ of $A$ that consists of columns of $A$.
(b) Find the rank and nullity of the matrix $A$ in part (a).
Add to solve later Let $A$ be a real $7\times 3$ matrix such that its null space is spanned by the vectors
\[\begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
2 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}, \begin{bmatrix}
2 \\
1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}, \text{ and } \begin{bmatrix}
1 \\
-1 \\
0
\end{bmatrix}.\]
Then find the rank of the matrix $A$.
(Purdue University, Linear Algebra Final Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later Let $V$ be the vector space of all $2\times 2$ real matrices and let $P_3$ be the vector space of all polynomials of degree $3$ or less with real coefficients.
Let $T: P_3 \to V$ be the linear transformation defined by
\[T(a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3x^3)=\begin{bmatrix}
a_0+a_2 & -a_0+a_3\\
a_1-a_2 & -a_1-a_3
\end{bmatrix}\]
for any polynomial $a_0+a_1x+a_2x^2+a_3 \in P_3$.
Find a basis for the range of $T$, $\calR(T)$, and determine the rank of $T$, $\rk(T)$, and the nullity of $T$, $\nullity(T)$.
Also, prove that $T$ is not injective.
Add to solve later Let $A, B, C$ are $2\times 2$ diagonalizable matrices.
The graphs of characteristic polynomials of $A, B, C$ are shown below. The red graph is for $A$, the blue one for $B$, and the green one for $C$.
From this information, determine the rank of the matrices $A, B,$ and $C$.
Graphs of characteristic polynomials
Add to solve later Let $T:\R^4 \to \R^3$ be a linear transformation defined by
\[ T\left (\, \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2 \\
x_3 \\
x_4
\end{bmatrix} \,\right) = \begin{bmatrix}
x_1+2x_2+3x_3-x_4 \\
3x_1+5x_2+8x_3-2x_4 \\
x_1+x_2+2x_3
\end{bmatrix}.\]
(a) Find a matrix $A$ such that $T(\mathbf{x})=A\mathbf{x}$.
(b) Find a basis for the null space of $T$.
(c) Find the rank of the linear transformation $T$.
(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra Exam Problem)
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Add to solve later Define the map $T:\R^2 \to \R^3$ by $T \left ( \begin{bmatrix}
x_1 \\
x_2
\end{bmatrix}\right )=\begin{bmatrix}
x_1-x_2 \\
x_1+x_2 \\
x_2
\end{bmatrix}$.
(a) Show that $T$ is a linear transformation.
(b) Find a matrix $A$ such that $T(\mathbf{x})=A\mathbf{x}$ for each $\mathbf{x} \in \R^2$.
(c) Describe the null space (kernel) and the range of $T$ and give the rank and the nullity of $T$.
Add to solve later 
