# Tagged: system of linear equations

## Problem 262

(a) Solve the following system by transforming the augmented matrix to reduced echelon form (Gauss-Jordan elimination). Indicate the elementary row operations you performed.
\begin{align*}
x_1+x_2-x_5&=1\\
x_2+2x_3+x_4+3x_5&=1\\
x_1-x_3+x_4+x_5&=0
\end{align*}

(b) Determine all possibilities for the solution set of a homogeneous system of $2$ equations in $2$ unknowns that has a solution $x_1=1, x_2=5$.

## Problem 257

Use Cramer’s rule to solve the system of linear equations
\begin{align*}
3x_1-2x_2&=5\\
7x_1+4x_2&=-1.
\end{align*}

## Problem 256

Let $P_4$ be the vector space consisting of all polynomials of degree $4$ or less with real number coefficients.
Let $W$ be the subspace of $P_2$ by
$W=\{ p(x)\in P_4 \mid p(1)+p(-1)=0 \text{ and } p(2)+p(-2)=0 \}.$ Find a basis of the subspace $W$ and determine the dimension of $W$.

## Problem 249

Suppose that the following matrix $A$ is the augmented matrix for a system of linear equations.
$A= \left[\begin{array}{rrr|r} 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 \\ 2 &-1 & -2 & a^2 \\ -1 & -7 & -11 & a \end{array} \right],$ where $a$ is a real number. Determine all the values of $a$ so that the corresponding system is consistent.

## Problem 164

Let $T:\R^4 \to \R^3$ be a linear transformation defined by
$T\left (\, \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \\ x_4 \end{bmatrix} \,\right) = \begin{bmatrix} x_1+2x_2+3x_3-x_4 \\ 3x_1+5x_2+8x_3-2x_4 \\ x_1+x_2+2x_3 \end{bmatrix}.$

(a) Find a matrix $A$ such that $T(\mathbf{x})=A\mathbf{x}$.

(b) Find a basis for the null space of $T$.

(c) Find the rank of the linear transformation $T$.

(The Ohio State University Linear Algebra Exam Problem)

## Problem 158

Let $C[3, 10]$ be the vector space consisting of all continuous functions defined on the interval $[3, 10]$. Consider the set
$S=\{ \sqrt{x}, x^2 \}$ in $C[3,10]$.

Show that the set $S$ is linearly independent in $C[3,10]$.

## Problem 132

Let
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 &1 &0 \end{bmatrix}$ be a matrix.

Find a basis of the null space of the matrix $A$.

(Remark: a null space is also called a kernel.)

## Problem 107

For what value(s) of $a$ does the system have nontrivial solutions?
\begin{align*}
&x_1+2x_2+x_3=0\\
&-x_1-x_2+x_3=0\\
& 3x_1+4x_2+ax_3=0.
\end{align*}

## Problem 102

Determine whether the following systems of equations (or matrix equations) described below has no solution, one unique solution or infinitely many solutions and justify your answer.

(a) $\left\{ \begin{array}{c} ax+by=c \\ dx+ey=f, \end{array} \right.$ where $a,b,c, d$ are scalars satisfying $a/d=b/e=c/f$.

(b) $A \mathbf{x}=\mathbf{0}$, where $A$ is a singular matrix.

(c) A homogeneous system of $3$ equations in $4$ unknowns.

(d) $A\mathbf{x}=\mathbf{b}$, where the row-reduced echelon form of the augmented matrix $[A|\mathbf{b}]$ looks as follows:
$\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & -1 & 0 \\ 0 &1 & 2 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}.$ (The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 93

4 multiple choice questions about possibilities for the solution set of a homogeneous system of linear equations.

The solutions will be given after completing all problems.

## Problem 87

Find a cubic polynomial
$p(x)=a+bx+cx^2+dx^3$ such that $p(1)=1, p'(1)=5, p(-1)=3$, and $p'(-1)=1$.

## Problem 79

Let $V$ be the set of all $n \times n$ diagonal matrices whose traces are zero.
That is,

\begin{equation*}
V:=\left\{ A=\begin{bmatrix}
a_{11} & 0 & \dots & 0 \\
0 &a_{22} & \dots & 0 \\
0 & 0 & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & 0 & \dots & a_{nn}
\begin{array}{l}
a_{11}, \dots, a_{nn} \in \C,\\
\tr(A)=0 \\
\end{array}
\right\}
\end{equation*}

Let $E_{ij}$ denote the $n \times n$ matrix whose $(i,j)$-entry is $1$ and zero elsewhere.

(a) Show that $V$ is a subspace of the vector space $M_n$ over $\C$ of all $n\times n$ matrices. (You may assume without a proof that $M_n$ is a vector space.)

(b) Show that matrices
$E_{11}-E_{22}, \, E_{22}-E_{33}, \, \dots,\, E_{n-1\, n-1}-E_{nn}$ are a basis for the vector space $V$.

(c) Find the dimension of $V$.

## Problem 78

Determine whether the following sentence is True or False.

(Purdue University Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 72

(a) Let $A=(a_{ij})$ be an $n\times n$ matrix. Suppose that the entries of the matrix $A$ satisfy the following relation.
$|a_{ii}|>|a_{i1}|+\cdots +|a_{i\,i-1}|+|a_{i \, i+1}|+\cdots +|a_{in}|$ for all $1 \leq i \leq n$.
Show that the matrix $A$ is nonsingular.

(b) Let $B=(b_{ij})$ be an $n \times n$ matrix whose entries satisfy the relation
$|b_{i\,i}|=1 \hspace{0.5cm} \text{ and }\hspace{0.5cm} |b_{ij}|<\frac{1}{n-1}$ for all $i$ and $j$ with $i \neq j$.
Prove that the matrix $B$ is nonsingular.

(c)
Determine whether the following matrix is nonsingular or not.
$C=\begin{bmatrix} \pi & e & e^2/2\pi^2 \\[5 pt] e^2/2\pi^2 &\pi &e \\[5pt] e & e^2/2\pi^2 & \pi \end{bmatrix},$ where $\pi=3.14159\dots$, and $e=2.71828\dots$ is Euler’s number (or Napier’s constant).

## Problem 66

Consider the matrix
$A=\begin{bmatrix} 1 & 2 & 1 \\ 2 &5 &4 \\ 1 & 1 & 0 \end{bmatrix}.$

(a) Calculate the inverse matrix $A^{-1}$. If you think the matrix $A$ is not invertible, then explain why.

(b) Are the vectors
$\mathbf{A}_1=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 2 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{A}_2=\begin{bmatrix} 2 \\ 5 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}, \text{ and } \mathbf{A}_3=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 4 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ linearly independent?

(c) Write the vector $\mathbf{b}=\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix}$ as a linear combination of $\mathbf{A}_1$, $\mathbf{A}_2$, and $\mathbf{A}_3$.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 65

Consider the system of linear equations
\begin{align*}
x_1&= 2, \\
-2x_1 + x_2 &= 3, \\
5x_1-4x_2 +x_3 &= 2
\end{align*}

(a) Find the coefficient matrix and its inverse matrix.

(b) Using the inverse matrix, solve the system of linear equations.

(The Ohio State University, Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 43

Let $a$ and $b$ be two distinct positive real numbers. Define matrices
$A:=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & a\\ a & 0 \end{bmatrix}, \,\, B:=\begin{bmatrix} 0 & b\\ b& 0 \end{bmatrix}.$

Find all the pairs $(\lambda, X)$, where $\lambda$ is a real number and $X$ is a non-zero real matrix satisfying the relation
$AX+XB=\lambda X. \tag{*}$

(The University of Tokyo Linear Algebra Exam)

## Problem 24

Solve the following system of linear equations using Gaussian elimination.
\begin{align*}
x+2y+3z &=4 \\
5x+6y+7z &=8\\
9x+10y+11z &=12
\end{align*}

## Problem 21

Let $A$ be an $n \times n$ matrix such that $\tr(A^n)=0$ for all $n \in \N$.
Then prove that $A$ is a nilpotent matrix. Namely there exist a positive integer $m$ such that $A^m$ is the zero matrix.