Image of a Normal Subgroup Under a Surjective Homomorphism is a Normal Subgroup
Problem 161
Let $f: H \to G$ be a surjective group homomorphism from a group $H$ to a group $G$.
Let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $H$. Show that the image $f(N)$ is normal in $G$.
To show that $f(N)$ is normal, we show that $gf(N)g^{-1}=f(N)$ for any $g \in G$. Equivalently, it suffices to show that $gf(n)g^{-1}\in f(N)$ for all $g\in G$, $n\in N$.
Since $f$ is surjective, for each $g \in G$ there exists $h \in H$ such that $f(h)=g$.
Then we have
\begin{align*}
gf(n)g^{-1}&=f(h)f(n)f(h)^{-1}\\
&=f(hnh^{-1}),
\end{align*}
where the second equality follows since $f$ is a group homomorphism.
Since $N$ is a normal subgroup in $H$, the element $hnh^{-1}$ is in $N$.
Therefore we have $gf(n)g^{-1} \in f(N)$, hence $f(N)$ is a normal subgroup in $G$.
Cyclic Group if and only if There Exists a Surjective Group Homomorphism From $\Z$
Show that a group $G$ is cyclic if and only if there exists a surjective group homomorphism from the additive group $\Z$ of integers to the group $G$.
Proof.
$(\implies)$: If $G$ is cyclic, then there exists a surjective homomorhpism from $\Z$
Suppose that $G$ is […]
Abelian Groups and Surjective Group Homomorphism
Let $G, G'$ be groups. Suppose that we have a surjective group homomorphism $f:G\to G'$.
Show that if $G$ is an abelian group, then so is $G'$.
Definitions.
Recall the relevant definitions.
A group homomorphism $f:G\to G'$ is a map from $G$ to $G'$ […]
Group of $p$-Power Roots of 1 is Isomorphic to a Proper Quotient of Itself
Let $p$ be a prime number. Let
\[G=\{z\in \C \mid z^{p^n}=1\} \]
be the group of $p$-power roots of $1$ in $\C$.
Show that the map $\Psi:G\to G$ mapping $z$ to $z^p$ is a surjective homomorphism.
Also deduce from this that $G$ is isomorphic to a proper quotient of $G$ […]
Subgroup of Finite Index Contains a Normal Subgroup of Finite Index
Let $G$ be a group and let $H$ be a subgroup of finite index. Then show that there exists a normal subgroup $N$ of $G$ such that $N$ is of finite index in $G$ and $N\subset H$.
Proof.
The group $G$ acts on the set of left cosets $G/H$ by left multiplication.
Hence […]
The Preimage of a Normal Subgroup Under a Group Homomorphism is Normal
Let $G$ and $G'$ be groups and let $f:G \to G'$ be a group homomorphism.
If $H'$ is a normal subgroup of the group $G'$, then show that $H=f^{-1}(H')$ is a normal subgroup of the group $G$.
Proof.
We prove that $H$ is normal in $G$. (The fact that $H$ is a subgroup […]
Normal Subgroups, Isomorphic Quotients, But Not Isomorphic
Let $G$ be a group. Suppose that $H_1, H_2, N_1, N_2$ are all normal subgroup of $G$, $H_1 \lhd N_2$, and $H_2 \lhd N_2$.
Suppose also that $N_1/H_1$ is isomorphic to $N_2/H_2$. Then prove or disprove that $N_1$ is isomorphic to $N_2$.
Proof.
We give a […]
A Subgroup of the Smallest Prime Divisor Index of a Group is Normal
Let $G$ be a finite group of order $n$ and suppose that $p$ is the smallest prime number dividing $n$.
Then prove that any subgroup of index $p$ is a normal subgroup of $G$.
Hint.
Consider the action of the group $G$ on the left cosets $G/H$ by left […]
Equivalent Definitions of Characteristic Subgroups. Center is Characteristic.
Let $H$ be a subgroup of a group $G$. We call $H$ characteristic in $G$ if for any automorphism $\sigma\in \Aut(G)$ of $G$, we have $\sigma(H)=H$.
(a) Prove that if $\sigma(H) \subset H$ for all $\sigma \in \Aut(G)$, then $H$ is characteristic in $G$.
(b) Prove that the center […]