# Yu-Tsumura-small

• Group of Order 18 is Solvable Let $G$ be a finite group of order $18$. Show that the group $G$ is solvable.   Definition Recall that a group $G$ is said to be solvable if $G$ has a subnormal series $\{e\}=G_0 \triangleleft G_1 \triangleleft G_2 \triangleleft \cdots \triangleleft G_n=G$ such […]
• Rings $2\Z$ and $3\Z$ are Not Isomorphic Prove that the rings $2\Z$ and $3\Z$ are not isomorphic.   Definition of a ring homomorphism. Let $R$ and $S$ be rings. A homomorphism is a map $f:R\to S$ satisfying $f(a+b)=f(a)+f(b)$ for all $a, b \in R$, and $f(ab)=f(a)f(b)$ for all $a, b \in R$. A […]
• Polynomial $(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n)-1$ is Irreducible Over the Ring of Integers $\Z$ For each positive integer $n$, prove that the polynomial $(x-1)(x-2)\cdots (x-n)-1$ is irreducible over the ring of integers $\Z$.   Proof. Note that the given polynomial has degree $n$. Suppose that the polynomial is reducible over $\Z$ and it decomposes as […]
• Determine Whether Given Subsets in $\R^4$ are Subspaces or Not (a) Let $S$ be the subset of $\R^4$ consisting of vectors $\begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \\ w \end{bmatrix}$ satisfying $2x+4y+3z+7w+1=0.$ Determine whether $S$ is a subspace of $\R^4$. If so prove it. If not, explain why it is not a […]
• The Order of $ab$ and $ba$ in a Group are the Same Let $G$ be a finite group. Let $a, b$ be elements of $G$. Prove that the order of $ab$ is equal to the order of $ba$. (Of course do not assume that $G$ is an abelian group.)   Proof. Let $n$ and $m$ be the order of $ab$ and $ba$, respectively. That is, $(ab)^n=e, […] • Vector Form for the General Solution of a System of Linear Equations Solve the following system of linear equations by transforming its augmented matrix to reduced echelon form (Gauss-Jordan elimination). Find the vector form for the general […] • Equation x_1^2+\cdots +x_k^2=-1 Doesn’t Have a Solution in Number Field \Q(\sqrt[3]{2}e^{2\pi i/3}) Let \alpha= \sqrt[3]{2}e^{2\pi i/3}. Prove that x_1^2+\cdots +x_k^2=-1 has no solutions with all x_i\in \Q(\alpha) and k\geq 1. Proof. Note that \alpha= \sqrt[3]{2}e^{2\pi i/3} is a root of the polynomial x^3-2. The polynomial x^3-2 is […] • Positive definite Real Symmetric Matrix and its Eigenvalues A real symmetric n \times n matrix A is called positive definite if \[\mathbf{x}^{\trans}A\mathbf{x}>0$ for all nonzero vectors $\mathbf{x}$ in $\R^n$. (a) Prove that the eigenvalues of a real symmetric positive-definite matrix $A$ are all positive. (b) Prove that if […]